Reaction Paper †Fiction: Short Story

The Jilting of granny knot Weatherall is a small taradiddle indite by Katherine Anne Porter, the American writer. It was published in 1930 along with other short stories alike, as part of tosh collection called Flowering Judas. The reaction to this manufacture story from a readers point of view Im going to express in this short essay. The whole mount of this story is drawn around the bed of Ms. Weatherall, where she is spending the last moments of her supporttime. The spring is focusing her attention on granny knots musical themes in tune of her own self-monologue.The other characters present in the final scene of Grannys life are her own daughter, Cornelia, Dr. Harry, the priest, and her grandchildren, who are invited to visit their nanna before she dies. The fact that Granny Weatherall is having a serious illness is hide from her by the doctor and the relatives. Being close to death Ms. Weatherall is staying in able mind and is rehearsing her own thoughts of the pa st and is fantasizing nearly present as what she would do if she did not have to stay in bed.The other characters in the story display little action, like quiet talk of Grannys daughter to the doctor that irritates Ms. Weatherall as she starts ascertaining more concern about herself. The doctor, on the other hand, is trying to cheer Ms. Weatherall up by vocalizing her that she is looking wide and referring to her as little girl, which is inappropriate with ladies of her age. The condition is mainly concentrating on Grannys thoughts in this story. In her memories she goes spikelet into past, sees her husband that died many years ago, and, even against her will, she reminds about events that happened to her when she was a teenager.The former is writing the story the way readers can see not provided archaic woman dying among her relatives but as she watches her own life before her eyes before she passes away. The other people who surround Ms. Weatherall calculate not to destr uct her from her own thoughts with their actions. The concept of this inner journey is to issue the reader to Ms. Weatheralls personality and what her life was about. All the sudden the old lady is seeing things that happened to her many years ago, the memories she either regretted or unploughed hidden through her entire life. These memories develop so lose that she some friendships them over again after so many years. The informant makes it open-and-shut that the old lady has given her heart and soul to being a mother and wife up to her final breath. The whole flow of the story changes as Ms. Weatherall gets close to dying. It seems like the flow of her thoughts is becoming more turned on(p). Granny starts denying her critical condition and it seems like she loses control over the situation. She recalls, once when she thought she was close to dying twenty years ago she did not feel that way and she did not expect death coming.This event has given her the experience of not being afraid of it. She survived that day, and from that point on death has become something invisible to her. Granny almost fell as she could get up of the bed and return to her daily activities. In her own thoughts she acts as she has got things to do tomorrow. She displays incredible stubbornness and will to continue as her death comes closer. The author wanted to make connection between the simple rehearsal of thoughts to almost euphorical state of mind as death comes closer. Ms. Weatherall was always an honest catholic, and her cartel in God is inspiring her even now.She remembers, when she was young her faith helped her to catch any obstacles, and e realthing she was about to take on could easily be accomplished. thank God there was a little margin over for quiescence then a person could spread out the plan of life and tuck in the edges orderly. Finally Granny Weatherall rests in field pansy like her long lived father who was her hero and whose image she kept in her mind u ntil her final hour. I personally like the story and how it is told. I found myself relate to this story because a year ago I went through the same period of sorrow when my grandmother was passing away.In this story I felt not only sympathy to Ms. Weatherall as I read it, but I was pleasantly impressed of her braveness and will to live even after knowing that she was close to dying. I think this is because she is not only courageous person but she authentically has God in her heart. I think this is a really good work by the author as she found a very interesting theme of life and death. I read somewhere that individually person before dying sees their own life flashing before them. This was a really good example of interpretations of final thoughts of person and emotional preparation to the end of life.

Hispanics and American Society Essay

The size of the boilers suit race of the Hispanics found with the rural areas of the States is increasing by the day and this tribe has trick lead over to the urban areas. The effects of their make up is felt by the general American society as the Hispanics remove adopted a situation mixer way of living that indeed has affected the soma, educational and the political life of the Americans.This report card will tackle the challenging issues set ab egress by the Hispanics living in America including the dysfunctional families, ingestion of doses among individuals in this community, their educational achievements rate of attrition and the issue of single parenthood that dominates this community. principal(prenominal) body Literature review Kenneth M. J. and Licther T. D. (2007) dumbfound given a tell apart of the population estimates of the Hispanics living deep down the American territory as per a look into they carried between the twelvemonth 2000 and 2007. They exp lain the rate of increase in the population of Hispanics since the category 2000 and their current estimates.They explain that the current population of the Hispanics is an estimated 14% of the summarize population residing in the United States. They have shown that between the year 2000 and 2007, the rate of increase in the population of this group of mint accounted for such(prenominal) than a half of the total population gain that the United States go finished within the state period. The results of the interrogation attributed the increase to a genuinely steep fertility rate as opposed to the rate of immigration that led to the population increase prior to the said time period.The research does not as yet eliminate immigration as a factor of population increase as it still accounts for a lesser percent maturate of the increase in population. Kenneth and Licther have also covered the redistribution of the Hispanic population towards the essential geographical areas of the United States from the traditional gateway cities found in the souwest and into the suburbs represented by large and small metro areas, the non metro communities as closely as the rural areas (Kenneth & Licther 2007pp32-47)Denlinger, K. 2005 has covered the area of economic and social challenges confronted by the Hispanics in America. Five social indices that mark the social require of the Hispanic families have been explained here. They include poverty, in take, age, immigration and fertility. Poverty rates among the Hispanic families in the year 1999 are put at 20. 2% as compared to the9. 3% rate for the full nation in the said(prenominal)(p) year as well as the 5. 5% rate among non-Hispanic white families.The said rates differ with the kind of families where the single parent headed families per organize badly at an overwhelming 39% and the families headed by both parents at 14. 2%. The medial income for the Hispanics is approximated at 60% that of the families resid ing in the United States at 32,000 dollars as compared to the 52,000 dollars of the American population. Just like with the poverty rates single parent headed houses in particular those headed by women performed poorly than all other types of families.On the overall age of the Hispanics is much younger than that of the overall American age. The Hispanics have an approximated median at 26. 3 for males and 25. 5 for females as compared to the 34 years for males and 36 years for females across America. Denlingers findings on the rates of fertility among the Hispanics are same to that made by Kenneth and Licther. He explains that on average, the Hispanic women have much outstandinger fertility levels than any other group residing in America. He records findings of a 2000 research that shows that 13.6% of the 60. 9 million women of child thrill age were Hispanics who gave birth to 19. 3% of the 3. 9 million children born in 2000. The young ages of the Hispanic mothers increases the possibility of bearing children (Denlinger 2005 p45, 52-60, 73). Weber 2004 captures the rates of immigration of the Hispanics to the United States. He explains the results of the census 2000 that yielded the count of 16. 1 million Hispanics out of the 35. 4 million that were living in the United States were born elsewhere but had migrated to the United States.He goes back in time to the 1980 up to the year 2000 where he estimates the number of Hispanics that immigrated to the United States to be 12. 5 million. The meaning of Webers book to my paper is the identification of the indices that mark the social needs of the Hispanics living in the United States. This was done by the rightfulness of appreciating the fact that the Hispanics living in the United States are not a homogenous group but a collection of people with particular differences in terms of financial status, social status, marital status and the many an(prenominal) social dynamics that exist in social living.He has ho wever attempted to comprehensively cover the indices that related to the wider group as an estimated normal consideration (Weber 2004PP23-46). Akins has captured the issue of substance abuse among Hispanics immigrants living in America. He draws from a research conducted by the Oregon State University that had surveyed a total of 6,714 adults who were living in Washington of which 1,690 of them turned out to be immigrant Hispanics. He contributes to the significance of the paper by raising points that he concluded from the research conducted.He found out that the immigrants were in large numbers fetching up the habits they found with the white Americans to the predicament of their own cultural practices. He has reported on a number of studies conducted in areas where there were great Hispanic concentrations like Florida, the Southwest and California. He found out that the Hispanics had a reduced chance of experiencing acculturation due to their tendencies of clumping together into ethnic communities. scarce the research yielded that accultured Hispanics had a 13 times possibility of doing drugs than their non-accultured counterparts.The study indicated a 6. 4% illicit drug use among the white communities while the accultured Hispanics had a 7. 2 percentage use in illicit drugs. At the same time, the research yielded a less than 1% illicit drug use among the non-accultured Hispanics. Akins reported that the general trend within the Hispanic communities was a loyalty to the family and intolerance towards use of alcohol and drugs. The drug using accultured Hispanics emulated the patterns of the white drug users.Some of the findings of the research revealed that accultured Hispanics had a double tendency to binge and thrice as likely to drink continuously for days without sobering up. Frazier et al. 2006 has rivet on the faculty members of the Hispanics living in America. He associates the massive concentrations of Hispanics found in the lowest levels of job s in America to lack of education and their challenged use of the side language. Recent immigrants usually have little formal education and the poorest affirmation of English which puts them at the greatest disadvantage in acquisition of well paying jobs.This problem also trickles down to their children who limited in their upward social mobility. Frazier explains that many Hispanics face problems completing extravagantly school which leaves them without the infallible skills to compete for senior high school paying jobs seeing that the United States economy is goaded by technology and information. The book shows how immigrant student Hispanics and the American born Hispanics have a less likelihood of graduating from high school than their non-Hispanic counterparts.A family relationship between the improvements of the academic standards with the Hispanics success in the job market has been in love in this book and serves to create one of the dynamics within the paper that expl ains the predicament of the Hispanics in the United States. A study on high school graduation rates conducted in the United States approximated the percentage of high school completion among the Hispanics as the lowest at 33. 8% (Frazier et al. 2006p218-233). The overall approach with the referencing has been the utilization of a very recent time period for the studies conducted.Most of the information contained within the reference material has utilized very recent experiences of the Hispanics within the American society. Kenneth and Licther for example have limited the time period for their study between the years 2000 to 2007. Denlinger sought to focus on the year 1999 and other recent years the author who has careworn his ideas from a long time period appears to be Weber who has drawn on the experiences of the Hispanics in the 1980s all the way to the year 2000.Even then, nigh of the authors have drawn their conclusions on the historical experiences of the Hispanics from their very beginnings in migrating to the America and settling there either as illegal immigrants or as American citizens by virtue of the natural birth that immediately confers American citizenry to the people born within America. The theoretical understanding of the Hispanics has been drawn from previous studies conducted by the authors e. g. Akins based his study on a research that was conducted by the Oregon state University.Other authors based their ideas on the researches that they themselves conducted among the Hispanics in America. Such authors include Denlinger. Scholarly journals and academic materials have also formed sources of information for the authors of the references I have used. The findings of this study reflect a emblematic interactionist approach since it reflects the individuals in this case the Hispanics as social products of the society from which they come from. The Hispanics for example have had problems with attaining good jobs because they do not have the ac ademic skills required for competing for well paying jobs.This is a direct result of the kind of life they lead which is dictated by the financial challenges they face within the society. Conclusion The Hispanics who live in America are quite challenged especially due to their lack of an education that has helped to elevate the social standing of the people living within the United States. Though they have been faced by a predicament whose magnitude they bear, it is also apparent that they affect the whole of the American society since their presence in large numbers through immigration or high fertility rate happen to pinch the social amenities and other facilities e. g. the health facilities that are already in place. It has been feared that they might course a population proliferation if their current fertility trends die hard and attract great competition for the good jobs that the American born population currently enjoy.Even then there is need to check on the positive side o f the presence of the Hispanics within the American territory for example, they have enriched the American culture through the addition of their cultural beliefs and practices. At the same time, they have involved themselves with the low ranking jobs which the Americans loath.This way they assist with the emergence of the economy. References Akins, J. & Arrighi, B. (2007) Hispanics in America Today?. Oxford University Press P101 Denlinger, K. (2005) Hispanics in America The resting freak wakens?. Sage publishers p45, 52-60, 73 Frazier, J. , Margai, F & Tettey, F. (2006) Race and position justice issues in urban America. Sage pub pp218-233? Kenneth, M. J. & Licther, T. D. (2007) Hispanics and the future of America?. McGraw hill publishers. pp32-47 Weber, D. (2004) The Spanish border in North America?. Macmillan publishers PP23-46

Narrative Writing Assessment Essay

Warm up the prompt by reading something short, such as a meet book, that turn backes the prompt. The prompt is to be loose, that is the bookman can sp ar on any subject that comes to mind, tweaking the prompt to fit him/her. The mode of the piece is narrative. This manifestly pith a personal experience. The maximum time to write is 30 minutes. When the student is finished, proceed with other assessments or share the pieces you wrote to peerless another. The instructor writes as well.This encourages and motivates the student, showing him/her you value the writing This piece is to be an on-demand piece. This means that the writer is not to recopy. It is expected to be a rough draft. fork up composition root with lines, or use the spiral and tear the paper out. You can cut off the messy ripped paper along the situation if you want later. The primary topics to use are subjects numerous authors write most a favorite person, place or thing.Writers usually tell or so the ir favorite using the narrative mode because the narrative, a true drool that follows a story line, is more interesting. Narrative Writing Assessment Protocols look Books Matching the Topics Place All the Places to Love (MacLachlan) If Youre Not from the Prairie (Bouchard) The boat (Gary Paulsen) Person My Rotten Redheaded Brother (Palocco) Thank You Mr. Falker (Palocco) My Great aunty Arizona (Houston) Thing (can be an object or a pet) My grandfather Was a Cowboy (the ringSilky Sullivan) The Worry Stone (Dengler).Everybody call for a Rock (Baylor) What to say Today we are going to write a narrative about somethinganythingthat matters to you or comes to your mind about a favorite person, place or thing. Tell your piece like a story, that is, something happens. When we were younger, all of us have had something or someone or somewhere that comes to mind that stands out. Which would you like to write about? (Show the student the three books, one on a favorite person, one a place , etc. The student selects. ) Pick a favorite to write about person, place or thing.Ill read you the picture book you pick to help induct some ideas. Scoring Protocols Use the 3 anchor papers for distributively club from third through twelfth to find a match between the anchor and your students writing. This is holistic scoring. Record the grade and date. Count by estimating the number of words the student wrote. Record. Record how many minutes he/she wrote. Find two or three things that are strengths to use as specific reinforcements to share with the student the next day. What you get word and show to the student will be repeated in proximo writing.

Maintaining an Individual’s Confidentiality and Disclosing Concerns Essay

Describe the potential tension between maintaining an individuals confidentiality and disclosing concerns.Even though p atomic number 18nts, children and practiti singlers have the right to confidentiality there are roughly occasions where maintaining confidentiality is non possible and must be broken. If there are concerns over a childs wellbeing, this must be report or if you are certified of a criminal offence, you are again obliged to report it to the correct authorities. If confidentiality is broken it must be through with(p) in the appropriate way and according to the policies of the setting. It can be a very difficult situation to be in, being made aware of abuse or risk to a child can produce it difficult for the supply member, but by reporting any concerns in the correct manner you reduce to risk of encourage harm or danger to the child but also maintain as oft dignity for the child and or family involved.Sometimes in the setting, situations arise where, for example , one child has hurt an new(prenominal) and the other children may have seen the misfortune and made their parents aware and they may want information from you or other staff members this is a difficult situation because you cant admirer children discussing things but you need to remember that you still need to maintain confidentiality and not discuss the matter with anyone besides this child involved parent or carer. Another further area that may cause tension is hearty networks such as Facebook or Twitter, there are now many another(prenominal) problems caused by social networking because information can be passed around extremely quickly and without proper control or authority. It is important that any staff members who use these sites do not use their sites to divulge information or responded to any comments made via these networking sites. If they see any problems they should report it to the settings manager so they can speak to the party or persons involved to stop furth er problems arising.

Chief Seattle’s 1854 Oration †Was it true? Essay

Chief Seattle, leader of the Duwamish tribe, was author of the famous language to cap Governor Stevens upon his arrival to Seattle in 1854. However, many doubt Chief Seattles lyric to have taken place. There is little credible evidence available to sanction up the dwellence of the idiom with the exception of a newspaper article compose by a vivify enthalpy A. metalworker. The article, titled Chief Seattles Speech, was published in the Seattle Sunday have on October 27th, 1887. If make Smith was witness to Chief Seattles desperate speech, he was the sole translator. How argon we to chicane that translation faults and liberations were not make by physician Smith? The Duwamish language was not a written language, having no alphabet, thus no official shew or pen could have been made. For these reasons, it is highly probable Chief Seattles oration of 1854 neer existed.The first and only published account of Chief Seattles Oration was written in the Seattle Sunday Star on October 27th, 1887. The author of the article, Doctor Henry Smith, was said to have been a witness at the speech and served as a translator for Chief Seattle however, no official enter of this account exists in any historical archive. Chief Seattles speech has been widely cited in numerous books and documents, still every citation leads back to Doctor Smiths article. Therefore, the only proof available that this speech ever occurred is the newspaper article dating back to 1887 from this oneness source.If we are to give the benefit of the doubt to Doctor Henry Smith as having been witness a to this speech, who is to say the translation wascorrect? For all we know Doctor Henry A. Smith made up every vocalize of the speech, nobody would know. Chief Seattle was known to have been illiterate, neither knowing how to read, spell or speak English (McCarthy par. 12). His speech was presented in nice divide form, almost as if Chief Seattle was reading the address off a piece of paper, e ven though Chief Seattle could not read.The Duwamish language had no alphabet, it could not be written, it was only spoken. There is no possible carriage Chief Seattle could have had anything toread from or look at patch giving his speech to Governor Stevens. Due to these facts, no official record of the speech could exist. Yes, Doctor Smith could have written a near-perfect translation, but there is no evidence to suggest this. An account of the speech by the Duwamish tribe, or a replica of the speech in Duwamish, does not exist for anyone to refer to.The man known as Chief Seattle existed, the Duwamish tribe existed, Doctor Smith existed, these are known FACTS. However, there is only but one written account by a Doctor Henry Smith that this Oration took place, and only one translator was said to have been at Chief Seattles Oration and that one man was a Doctor Henry A. Smith. The Duwamish tribe had no written language for an official copy of this speech to have taken place, and there is no reason for anyone to rely that Doctor Smith took an exact translation with no liberations added. For these reasons, Chief Seattles Oration of 1854 never existed.

Okonkwo “Falls Apart”: The Tragic Hero Essay

Psychology teaches us that we retain information presented to us in an ablaze andcompelling service mankindner. F pillow slipizations and figures may deliver to the mind, but stories speak to theheart.the heart of individuals and the heart of humanity as a whole. wherefore have books andauthors endured for centuries, outlasting nearly e really other form of entertainment?Books bethe faithful guardians of humanitys timeless bonds, and in their words and their images discovercore human principles. For this rea password, novels argon among humanitys most herculean historybooks. Emotions are, after all, what make us human. Who better to speak to these unstop-pable forces than sad dramatists, who capture the universality of human emotions in theirtimeless life-in-capsules .their stories. Classic get the hang like Sophocles and Shakespeare mayhave introduced us to the tragic hero, but contemporary storytellers have transcended race,regions, and centuries to gift modern society wit h its own tortured messengers.In ChinuaAchebes Things Fall Apart, the struggle between the late nineteenth deoxycytidine monophosphate Igbo large number ofNigeria and the white colonialists who sought the tribes conversion to Christianity are docu-mented. However, it is the rise and decline of one great Igbo warrior, Okonkwo, that authentically drivesthis modern tragedy. and demonstrates how a tragic hero is often anything but heroic.Much like Shakespearean tragic hero Macbeth and many others, Okonkwo is a multidimensional blend of light (good) and meritless (evil). The clan leader is admirable in his self-made status (a odd fulfillment of the tragic heros usual noble nature) and his closing curtain to create a better future by shunning his receives questionable consummations.Achebe presents Okonkwo and his tribesmen as a people who value aspect and artistry Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly, and proverbs are the palm-oil with which words are eaten (12). During the era of imperialism and romanticism, many dismissed indigenous Africans as the noble bowellessbeings high in morality but low in intelligence. Achebes tale challenges both of these assumptions. Achebe peppers his tale with Igbo language and words, to illustrate the vital enjoyment which communication played in the Igbo community and culture. Such a facsimile is a far cry from the dull-witted and language-less savage of popular lore.Despite these positives, the referee may be left with an uncomfortable feelingand even an nimble dislikeof the novels protagonist. He beats his wife (although he is punished for it) he constantly berates his son for not being manly enough he wishes his daughter (although he adores her character and strength) was a son he rarely shows emotion (because he perceives feeling as weakness)and that very fear leads him to remorselessly participate in the premeditated murder of his elevate surrogate son Ikemefuna.Two of the aforementio ned events are particularly critical in Okonkwos path of development, demonstrating the cruel interaction of fate and woof that guides the tragic hero. During his formative years, Okondwo firmly captains his own destiny by mental synthesis himself up as a respected and well-regarded warrior and provider, although these actions are fueled by the disrepute of his dishonest father, a back country over which Okonkwo has no control.This undercover shame is the first mark of the warriors spiritual wounding (parental issues likewise drive other celebrated tragic heroes such as settlement and Oedipus). Spiritual hurt instills Okonkwo with a tragic flaw that damages his decision-making process. And, as with all tragic heroes, the crossroads (the point of decision) is anything. When the warrior is faced with a prize regarding how to handle his wifes presumed negligence, his pride leads him to one brutal conclusion a beating. The action shatters a sacred time for Okonkwos tribe, and, frequently importantly, fractures their trust in an important leader.As a result, the warrior has only hurt himself more, a fact for which he repents but does not except truly recognize.Only Okonkwos second crossroads will irrevocably alter the story, and the man himself. After all, how could a man look into the eyes of a nestling whom he has sheltered, mentored, and admireda youngster, with no blood ties, who is still no less a son to his fatherhow could such a man look into the past and future and allow his pride to deal that child a fatal blow?How could a piece of that manof his thoughtnot die with his child? For Okonkwo, the answer is clear, and his tragic recognition of the consequences of this action (his moment of truth) sets the ensuing chain of events on its inevitableand unavoidablecourse. The warrior has move on severed the tenuous connection with his family more death befalls his family the fates punish him with a tragic accident, which leads to his exile and he m ust watch passively as his people are swindled by questionable outsiders.Yet the repeated emotional pummelings have reawakened within the warrior two important virtues honor and courage. Through his whirling of one (his final choice, his final act of defiance), Okonkwo both finds himself and, ultimately, loses himself forever. In close to regards, Okondwos self-murder is the murder of humanitys hopeThe fall of the Igbo peopleand their once mighty warriorrepresents a slower, more devastating form of confusion and subtle slavery. Two expirations in particular speak to the colonialist impact And at last the locusts did descend. They settled on both tree and on every blade of grass they settled on the roofs and covered the bare ground (71)He came quietly and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. forthwith he has won our brothers, and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us together and we have fallen apart (164). The first passage indicates how all at once these indigenous peoples found themselves in the midst of colonialists (like the locusts), bandage the second passage laments how easily the outsiders were able to turn loyal tribesmen against one another.In the story, the tribesmen were at first seduced by the kindly ways of Mr. Brown (who respects the tribesmen yet lures away the tribe outsiders first), but then they fall victim to the much more aggressive Reverend Smith. Once under Smiths leadershiphip, the tribe converts actions become much more disreputable and disloyal (such as when Enoch unmasks the egwogwu), and the leaders of the tribe eventually lose their will to fight the colonialists, leading to Okonkwos suicide. But it is perhaps the final lines of the book which most symbolize the travel apart of this once proud people He had already elect the title of the book, after much thoughtThe Pacification of the Primitive Tribes of the overthrow Niger (2 24). The tribe is reduced to some white mans conquest, while the very symbol of that tribes former strength, Okonkwo, becomes a separate or twoa mere footnote in colonialist history. In this sense, Okonkwos suffering (like many tragic heroes) is instilled with greater meaning because he serves as a symbola symbol of his cultures greatness and its inevitable, tragic demise.Two words best summarize the Byzantine creation of Okonkwo tragic hero. Within this man is a piece of every individual, past and present. The audience relates so well because they see themselves in Okonkwos shortcomings, flaws, and basically imperfect human nature. In watching this memorable characters own struggles against the insurmountable, generations of audiences have found an outlet for their own hopes and fears.

Whap Chapter 15

Chapter 15 1. The economy of the boocall Dynasty was one of the most prosperous and locomote economies in the medieval world. Monetary gain was assured from the vigorous abroad trade and indigenous trade along the Grand Canal and Yangzi River 2. The spirit Dynasty focused on education and foreign policy while the Song Dynasty focused on economic growth and the arts. 3. Under Emperor Taizong Li Shimins wise governing, the national strength and social development of the Tang Dynasty reached an unusual prosperity economy and commerce flourished, the social order was stable,corruption never existed. . Zhngguo translates traditionally as the Middle Kingdom. Only in the nineteenth century, Zhongguo became the common reboot for the earth. During this time China expelled and Christians and outlawed the religion. They also started to become more inbred and did not try to expand. 5. The Song eventually fell to the Mongols in 1279, who locomote against the Southern Song years after the forces of Genghis Khan had defeated the Jin.The Mongols had outstanding armament organization and a better grasp of the advances in military technology 6. During the Sung dynasty the monumental detail began to emerge. A single bamboo shoot, flower,or bird provided the subject for a painting. Among those who excelled in flower painting was the Emperor Hui-tsung,who founded the royal academy. 7. The most important technological innovation of the Ancient Period was the knowledgeability of the wheel. The wheel allowed humans to transport goods over long distances.People could also extend longer. 8. From the fifth century AD Confucian orthodoxy retreated before the popularity of Buddhism and Daoism. just now a renaissance came during the Song dynasty when Confucianism responded to the challenge and developed its own metaphysics. This newfangled trend is known as Neo-confucianism, and its main exponent was Zhu Xi (1130-1200). It afterwards became the main orthodoxy of the scho lar officials until the demise of the imperial system in 1912. 9.Because of the unprecedented durability of Chinese civilization as well as its improbable technological and economic innovations, other cultures began to imitate China. Japan, Korea, and Vietnam were all drawn into Chinas pagan and political orbit in the post classical period. Each country interacted with China differently 10. It indicated that this person was of such high social circumstance that she didnt have to do any work that she could be carried from dimension to place by servants, that her every need would be catered to by others.

A Long Way Gone: Ishmael

Ishmael Beah was 12 years sexagenarian when the argue army, The Rebels, attacked his small town, Sierra Loene. Ishmael fled leaving everything important to him behind. His family, home, and possessions were all gone. With alone his brother and nine friends, he ran away. For twain years they stayed away from the rebels walk from town to town looking for their lost families. Ishmael lost 8 of his friends and eventually his brother a commodious the way. With only Alhaji left they were demonstrate by the army and made to fight or be killed.They used their solicit and hip-hop skills to remain popular between missions. To these two gentle-hearted boys killing became a way of life. At the age of sixteen Ishmael and Alhaji were chosen to be removed from the fighting by UNICEF. Upon arriving at the rehabilitation center two boys were killed with hidden knives and guns because they were rebels. The others didnt care that they too, were forced to fight. This didnt come as a surprise to t he workers the kids had been doing it for most of their lives.Ishmael entered therapy with kind young women named, Esther. by and by many months of vigorous therapy Ishmael opened up and finally genuine his new life. With the help of Esther and many other individuals, Ishmael found an uncle of whom his arrive rarely spoke about and went to live with him and his family. He was enjoying meeting his long lost relatives when he was invited to go to a conference in San Francisco for kids who survived terrify things and wanted to educate others about it. He was chosen out of millions of kids to converse about child soldiers.He immediately hold at send his forms away to the conference officials telling them he was coming. He had problems getting a passport but that was quickly taken care of by the workers from his old rehabilitation center in an effort to help him. He attend the conference and met a kind, rich, woman who helped him and a few friends he met position to the city and the constant action that they werent used to. When he got rearward from San Francisco he was shocked to realize that the rebels had taken over the city.Terrified that he would be recognized and killed or that he would have to fight once again Ishmael looked for a way out of the city. He found one and risked being one of the many shot just for being on the street. Ishmael contacted the woman he had met at the conference and she agreed to let him live with her until he could find a way to desexualize money. Ishmael was one of the lucky people who got out of the war, some kids werent as fortunate. A Long Way Gone is a sure story about a real boy. Its horrifying that kids as young as nine are being forced into a war they want no part of in order to survive.

Cognitive and language Essay

Horizontal good actions by babyren, such as climbing, stepping up and down. These schemas are then real further through the progresses of assimilation (this is taking in impudently instruction from the environment through the sisters existing patterns of actions) and accommodation (this is modifying existing patterns of actions to accommodate new information and knowledge) and balancing it out with what new experiences they have made (this is called equilibration).Piaget forceful his theory on the role of the individual child, where as Vygotskys crap looked at the importance of the social world in childrens learn and emphasised on promoting through social interaction and communicating. He express that children were born to be sociable by being with parents/friends and that they acquire skills and concepts. He thought the children were incapable of acquisition alone but was possible with assist (this is called zone of proximal development).Vygosky theory would be used in schools for the childrens education, hands on role for teacher, teachers scaffolding the children, giving the child a to a greater extent challenging and stimulating environment then if was unexpended to discover and learn alone. Skinners theory on learning is the change in behaviour as a result of reinforcement. He believed that children develop their language through imitating role models and reinforcement.Skinner found that if you extolment or rewarded a child for its good behaviour the child would arrogate the behaviour again (this is called positive reinforcement). He found this a more effective strategy than punishment which is called negative reinforcement. He called his theory operant conditioning. Television butt joint influence the childs development. It can stimulate curiosity, increase knowledge, enlarges vocabulary, it can make headways family discussions and conversation and it entertains.It can broaden the childs experience, bringing the wider world within their reach, although television can be harmful for children when the television is on continuously, it can make conversation effortful it would also reduce the opportunity for playing, reading and writing. Unsuitable programmes watched can encourage the child to behave in an anti-social way or even alarm the child. Banduras theory emphasised on the children learning behaviour of discover and imitating adults/people. Including aggression, sharing, sex roles and altruism, this could be from the television and the environment around them.

Case Study: Organization Behaviour Essay

1.0What do you think caused Deborah react in such(prenominal) manner towards Melinda? Do you think these reactions be fullified? organisational agitate is the alteration of the way in which people argon organized (Dessler Gary, 2002). This stinker be some(prenominal)(prenominal)thing as simple as an transcription restructuring itself in intercourse to resources, for example human resources as the case whitethorn be. However the lodging industry association in Brisbane brought slightly an organisational form relational to the human resources in the comp each by promoting the 2-twelvemonth-old go bading faculty in the comp whatsoever to be the Executive support manager. By and large, spay in an organisational setting is somewhat hard basic whollyy on the f all(prenominal) apart of employees in the organization as it seems hard to alter habits, attitudes, and ethics at spend a penny in response to organisational objectives. qualify in the mise en scene of an organi zation is defined as persuasive limit, where all aspects ar subjects to ceaseless change of one form or an opposite. (Mullins, 2005, p.909).Melindas promotion in the organization created a problem for Deborah who because of the attitudes towards jobs failed to be promoted. This has actually caused her to react in many bad ways such as bad-mouthing attitude against Melinda to different module in the organization and making some derogatory remarks around her to other staff in the company through the use of untroubled critics that she is an egotistical slave-driver with no respect for the people who are creation supervised. Personally, it passel be inferred that Deborah was caught in a change protection. Organization change resistance threa gos structures of power with members resisting and questioning the object being changed. (Smith, C. A. 2003). In this case theatre of operations it ass be established that change resistance crept in the organization through two ways. Fir stly, she flavours that way because she thinks its unfair to project promoted Melinda having fitting springed few years, hairsplittingly two years in the company.She feels like she has spend fifteen years in the company and has accrued experience and skills that matches any promotion. Secondly, Deborah resisted the change in the structure inside the facet of the organization because of her sustain selfish acts, specifically freedom to do whatever she likes in the company. She precise much escorts that the new office that is created for Melinda leave alone closely monitor all the staff and that means that she will not at liberty to do those things again. From the case bring, it is learnt that Deborah misuses her office in allocating to a smashinger extent than one minute, to be precise two hours for the break while at work and she closes always at work one hour before the normal closing hour with the reason that she would be picking up the kids for home. All these are a in reasons for Deborah and are those that are behind her resistance to the new structures of the organization which elevates Melinda. Moreover, she feels more threatened that the laziness in her at work will be corrected by a two-year old working staff in the company, a phenomenon which she really frowns at. It evict be argued that none of Deborahs reactions are seriousified in any forms.From the case field of force, it can be assumed that Melindas appraisal at work is interesting and supporting to chip in been recommended for such position at such early year of service in the organization. It is in like manner an assumption that the whole staff is in the know of Deborahs bad attitude at work and for that, at that place is a need to make her redress. If she is causeing very great, or famously swell, thusly she wouldnt have felt threatened at work. It is also understood that if Deborah is recommended for the task, she will not be able-bodied to perform well in line with t he duties and responsibilities which she herself is a failure. Therefore, for an organization like HIA to run well, there is a need for a positive and good attitude staff to run the affairs. 2.0What could Melinda have done to better result this issue with Deborah? Melinda perceived that Deborah has been acting so bad at work and realized the grandeur of resolving the issues with her.She established a meeting with her informally at a coffee shop where she made her understand the government agencys and responsibilities unto which her office is tied to and her commitment to carry them out religiously. This is considered as a communicating in resolving issues and its very great in declaration. However while doing this she could have compromised a little bit perhaps by giving her choices just to settle the dispute betwixt them. Some of the choices could be rotating her job responsibilities and arduous to be flexible on her work periods. It is understood that she uses more formali sed time for herself and family and she can work these time out on some other days, preferably weekends in order to compensate for the lost ex officio time. Melinda could have compromised her stand on insisting that Deborah should not do things in her ways in a bid to better resolve the issues. Although this seems de-motivational for other staff that have the understanding that Deborah has been indolent in the organization.But on the note of resolution, Melinda could have granted the deal that Deborah worked and peace would have reigned in the organization. Since it is in the best interest of the organization to settle the scores, then Melinda should have negotiated and worked out some leverages on her at least to make the work go on. Negotiation theory and practice have a great strength in easing organizational problem as it offers a two-way street. (Dessler, Gary. 2002). It is my opinion also that this issues could have been reported to the management who understand all the affai rs of the organization. Usually, this case is best handled by the management who will find out the sources and the causes of the problem so at to be able to better resolve the issues between them. Managers matter in dispute resolution within the framework of an organization enhances resolution through proper communication and negotiation skills. (Greenberg J &Baron A.R 2003).Organizations have ways and procedures of resolving conflicts within organizational members in quest for smooth work blood. The ways select by every organization could be different depending on the issues. involution resolution can be employed through the use of the combine of strict and stringent measures among conflicting members in an organization. (Robbins, S.P 2000). Such theory and impression can be applied to the case between Melinda and Deborah. Also, Melinda should have deceased for negotiation in order to better resolve this issue between them. She should have adopted good negotiating skills and offered many choices of things to take from perhaps it may go well with her. This is because effective negotiation brings about happiness at work in employees and employer relationship. (Dent Edward, 2003). Furthermore, Deborah understands she is a long-time serving staff and deserves respect about especially from junior staff like Melinda.Following this, to better resolve the issues, Melinda could have condescended herself while discussing the issues with Deborah. That could have made Deborah changes her mind against insisting on her ways. 3.0Is organizational change more stressful for aggroup members or for group booster cableers? Identify the possible stressors for organizational members experiencing change in the work as depicted in the case study. In every organization, the role of team leading are not changed and are elaborate in assisting the team members in identifying key work tasks, supporting as they perform these tasks while team members are just members of the te am who are motion all the tasks relative to the common goals of the team.( Bass, B.M, et.al). Because team leading just lead the team in assisting the team members to realize the goals, it is very easy for them to see, feel the organizational change and and then less stressful for them. Team leaders are seen to be directing and supervising the tasks not really penalise them. (Lax, D.A. and Sebenius, J.K.,(2006). For this fact, organizational changes are easily understood by them.Because team leaders are usually one person, it is less stressful for them to adapt to any corms of organizational changes that comes their way. (Hersey, P.2006) Who are the doers of the team tasks? Who are responsible for the team tasks? It is the tariff of the unmarried team members within a team. Because of the be which ranges from three to ten depending on the size of the project or task, it is very much uncorrectable to arrest these stresses. If taken for example, one of the team members react negatively to the team task relative to the organizational change, then the outcome of the team performance will be failure. Because team members are made up of individuals, then it is very much difficult for them to adapt to any organizational change that comes their ways as compared to the leader who is only one entity that will just act accordingly to the organizational change. In a nutshell, team members because of their numbers and their respective tasks in the team feel more stressful to bear the organizational change in the organization. (Howard, L.W. 1998).One of the possible stressors for organizational members who are experiencing change in the body of work as highlighted in the case study is overloaded workload on the path of the members of the organization. All organizational members are constantly encouraged to stay back in the organization to work some hours after the completion of the official hours. This is in line with the organizational structure of that the HIA has just adopted. This has created a lot of stress and thus has enabled them to be passing some assaults unto each other. Members of the organization after being stock(a) at work can be seen assaulting other members in the organization. other stressor that cannot be overlooked is the lack of social support from others at workplace and the work home interface which can also be regarded as work/non-work conflict which is concerned with management of the relationship between the individual roles and responsibilities both on the job and off the job. (Howard, L.W. 1998).An example of this is shown by Deborah who is seen to be insulting Melinda for making her to stay after working hours. Another stressor that can still be noticed is bad relationships among coworkers. The organizational structural change in HIA organization has caused organizational members to experience poor interpersonal relationship with each other. An illustration of this is seen from the attitude of Deborah in the organization towards other members of the organization. Deborah is seen to be very moody and always keeping to herself at work and roughly times expressing reluctance to interact with members who fails to share her own point of view.4.0How ability the situation be influenced by organizational or national level culture? organisational culture is one of the principal factors in assessing the success of an organization in managing the work stress. This is reflected in the attitudes of the organizational member, their shared beliefs about the organization, their shared value systems and common and accepted ways of behaving while at work. (Deutsch, M., 2008).It can be established that organizational culture has strength in recognizing organizational problems and how they can be solved. It has influence and can affect what is undergo as stressful, how the experience translates into health difficulties, how both stress and health are reported in the organization and how the organizatio n shows their response into such reports being made. (Clifford, James 2000).In view of this all organizational members with inclusions to the managers must therefore be conscious of the organizational culture and make exploration in relation to the work stress management. Because there is a great influence coming in the path of organizational culture on the overloaded work situation of the members of the organization, it is very much necessary and important that all hands must be on deck in harming in culture change activities as it is an essential part of change the management of stress at work. (Alvesson, M. 2000) The situation can influence the organizational systems and procedures. The simplest definition of culture is thats the way we do things around here. organisational routines and processes can become so inserted that they are considered as part of the culture, and ever-changing the culture demands that the routines be changed too. (DiBella, A. J. 2006).An organization t hat has the culture of having meetings weekly and monthly can therefore become more formalized and cumbersome based on the organizational change. Therefore, changing the culture to improve communication in the organization can possibly be the made realistic by changing the procedures of the meeting or eliminating the meetings completely. The situation might be influenced by organizational or national-level culture through change the working conditions of the organizational members in the organization. (Dent, J. F. 2001). Improving the work conditions through organizational culture will undoubtedly humiliate any forms of stress at work and it has involvement of identifying any stressful parts of work. (Iivari, N. 2002).For example as it has been highlighted in the case study extreme workload, and warring members in the organization. This strategy will definitely reduce or eliminate the identified stressors in the organization. The advantage of this influence by organizational cult ure combats the sources of the stress at work. Sometimes, the managers disagree with this technique because of its involvement in altering the routines of work or schedules of productions, or changes in the organizational structure. Any tasks to reduce all the mentioned stressors in the organization should be presumptuousness top most priority to organizational change in improving the organizational working conditions. (Kappos, A. Croteau, A. 2002).5.0ReferencesBass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (2000). Transformational leadership and the organizational culture. Public Administration Quarterly, 17, 112-122. Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1994).Improving organizational effectiveness through transformational leadership. Thousand Oaks, CA. Sage. Howard, L.W. (1998). Validating the competing values model as a representation of organizational cultures. International ledger of Organizational Analysis, 6(3), 231-250 Trice, H.M. and Beyer, J.M. (1992). The cultures of work organizations. Englewoo d Cliffs, NJ. Prentice abidance. Stoner James A. F., Freeman R. Edward, and Gilbert, Jr. Daniel R. (2003) Smith, C. A. (2003). Commitment to organizations and occupations supplement and test of a three-component conceptualization. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78(4), 538 551 Management (New Delhi Prentice-Hall of India), Sixth Edition. Greenberg J &Baron A.R (2003) Behaviour in Organisations, Prentice Hall, Vol. 8, pp. 188- 215.Dessler, Gary. (2002).Personnel management Modern concepts and techniques. Reston, VA Prentice-Hall familyRobbins, S.P (2000) Organization Theory structure, Design and Application, 3rd ed London, Prentice Hall International Inc.Dent Edward, (2003) challenging resistance to change Journal of Organizational Change Management. Hersey, P.(2006) Management of Organizational Behavior Leading Human Resources eighth Ed, New Delhi Prentice-Hall of India Lax, D.A. and Sebenius, J.K., (2006). The Manager as Negotiator. Free Press, New York, USA.Deutsch, M., (2008). Organizational culture, Journal of Organizational behavior, 2 265-279. Clifford, James (2000) The Predicament of Culture. London Harvard University Press. Alvesson, M. (2000) On the Popularity of Organizational Culture. Acta Sociologica 33(1). Pp. 31-49 DiBella, A. J. (2006) Culture and Planned Change in an International Organization A Multi-Level Predicament. The International Journal of Organizational Analysis 4(4). Pp. 352-372. Dent, J. F. (2001) Accounting and Organizational Cultures A Field Study of the Emergence of a New Organizational Reality. Accounting, Organizations and hostelry 16(8). Pp. 705-732. Iivari, N. (2002) Analyzing the Role of Organizational Culture in the capital punishment of UserCentered Design Disentangling the Approaches for ethnical Analysis. Judy Hammond, Tom. Gross, Janet Wesson (Eds.) Usability Gaining a Competitive Edge, 226 Kluwer. Pp. 57-71 Iivari, N. (2002) Analyzing the Role of Organizational Culture in the Implementation of UserCentered Design Disentangling the Approaches for Cultural Analysis. Judy Hammond, Tom Gross, Janet Wesson (Eds.) Usability Gaining a Competitive Edge, 226 Kluwer. Pp. 57-71 Kappos, A. Croteau, A. (2002) Organizational Change and Culture Insights on BPR Projects. Proceedings of the 8th Americas Conference on education Systems. August, 9-11, Dallas, USA. Pp. 2076-2084.

American Civil Rights Movement: A Mass Protest against Racial Segregation and Discrimination Essay

The American cultivated rights movement was a galvanic pile protest movement against racial segregation and discrimination in the Confederate United States that came to national prominence during the mid-1950s. This movement had its roots in the centuries-long efforts of African slaves and their descendants to resist racial oppression and abolish the institution of slavery. Although American slaves were emancipated as a result of the well-behaved War and were past granted basic civil rights through the line of achievement of the Fourteenth and ordinal amendments to the U.S. Constitution, struggles to secure federal protection of these rights continued during the next century. Through nonviolent protest, the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 60s broke the pattern of public facilities organism segregated by race in the South and achieved the most crucial breakthrough in equal-rights legislation for African Americans since the Reconstruction period (186577).Although the pa ssage in 1964 and 1965 of major civil rights legislation was victorious for the movement, by accordingly militant black activists had begun to see their struggle as a exemption or liberation movement not just seeking civil rights reforms but instead confronting the enduring economic, political, and cultural consequences of past racial oppression. (http//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/ return/119368/American-civil-rights-movement) In the time of the Civil Rights movement, lots of African American masses were measured by how they managed difficult situations. The Civil rights movement had many influential leaders and events. The overall importance of the movement was the profound impact it had on American life.The Civil Rights Movement had many important leaders, like Martin Luther queer Jr., Little Rock Nine, and Malcolm X, whose actions largely influenced the movement. Of the leaders involved in the Civil Rights Movement, one man stands alone Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luthe r King is know best for his contributions to the civil rights movement, for instance his policy of non violent protests and forming the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). (http//www.123helpme.com/civil-rights-movement-preview.asp?id=188121) In the 1950s black race were discriminated and handle beyond belief whilst white people lived a life of luxury with cars, televisions and money. Statistics from the US Department of Commerce state that 18% of white people lived down the stairs the poverty line whilst 56% of black people lived below

Commercialization of Organ Transplant

Ethics Committee Jacqueline Denies trim Strayed University Business Ethics 309 Instructor Dry. Harvey Weiss mart Shortage of pipe organs The exercise for the centralization of organs for transplant is to make able to provide the availability of organs for patients/people who ar in pain, and suffering, and destined to die from the concluding illness of organ loser. The number of patients in learn of organs is growing, and the cryptograph form _or_ system of government for organ top hatowers does not show a sufficient response to the growing need of patients needing organs for the terminal illness of organ failure.Although the government activity does not cond geniusness the sale of human soundbox organs in that respect is evidence that pecuniary incentives work, and would eliminate the organ market shortage. One financial incentive in suggestion, called the survivor benefits would help pay for the funeral costs, and give family sponsor recognition for being of servic e to fellow Americans (mm. . Organ selling. Com. 2006). This may further appeal to families that do not have a burying policy for their deceased, and it is why it is helpful in increasing the supply of cadavers organs period bearing financial assistance in funeral arrangements for their love ones.Against the Centralization of Organs The National Organ Transplant Act of 1984 is a ban on the purchase or sale of human organs because it would affect interstate highway commerce (organelle. Com, 2006). The Senate report simply stated, It is the sense of the Committee that individuals, and organizations should not advance by the sale of human organs for transplantation (organelle. Com, 2006).Criminal activity has entered the organ market in other countries where at that place has been reports of kidnapping, and murder of children, and adults to harvest their organs for sale, and in India organ trafficking y clinicians, managers, and clinician centers, middle men, and even state offic ials argon under investigation for criminal acts. This raises a meet for the loss of lives of unimpeachable people being victimized for monetary gain, and raises a question of doubtfulness in the legitimacy of where, how, and from who was the organ obtained.My Position of Debate The advancement of medicine, and ergonomics achievements has made it possible to greater the procedure in the medical handling from the terminal illness of organ failure. The loss of human dignity is the study concern when putting a price n human body parts, because of the threat of devaluing the flavour of a human being. My position on the fence in of the centralization of organs for transplant is that organs should not be sold. Respectively, when we go to the hospital for broken bones, and infectious insect or animal bites are Just as fatal if medical treatment is not administered in a timely manner.Medical treatment is based on a need base, and organs for transplant should remain on a need bases. Th e best(p) suggestions made in my opinion is by Lloyd Cohen, Ph. D. , J. D. Who states, The best way to increase the supply of transplant organs is by establishing a future Market in cadavers organs, by a contractual agreement, like the one we have here in Texas by signing the donor opt on the back of drivers license or by approval from the family of a donor (organelle. Co, 2006), and also the suggestion made by Thomas G. Peters, M. D. Or the donation of an organ a financial incentive for burial outlay that is called survivor benefits would help to increase the organ supply, while giving whatsoever financial relief to those who could not afford to purchase a burial plan for their loved en. While researching material for this assignment it has also been account that a donor has donated three cadavers organs. My honorable Judgment with a Moral Argument I think that good will is the honourable article of belief of an individual who has made the decision to donate a racy organ, and that it is a very personal, and private one.Also it should be made known to the family so that there is no misunderstanding about the procedure to remove a vital organ (s) after departure. Religious folk might be offend by thinking that the body is desecrated, but if informed onward dying embers of the family may be more likely to honor a donors agreement. The friendship in knowing that a part of yourself has given some one the hope to survive a terminal illness to live life to the fullest of expectations is a rewarding acknowledgement of ones own pure self-interest, and is what makes it a warrant one.The Kantian Normative Theory The Kantian Normative Theory best supports my conclusion. According to Kant goodwill is the unique human capacity to act from principle. The willingness to restrain a life after the finality of your own is right by weighing the ratio of good that the action would produce. The only consequence of the donor is that there is no longer a use for the organ (s) donated. The reasoning in wanting to help recover the illness of organ failure for goodness sake from the sense of debt instrument is a true moral worth.Women unable to bear children because of organ failure who later had a triple-crown organ transplant were able to experience the Joy of child lineage. The concern of medication dosage is under observation for abnormality of child birth has thus far been premature birth. The reasoning for wanting to help cure a terminal illness for goodness sake from the sense of duty is a true moral thought. Conclusion In my conclusion I would like to mention a course study from last quarter, and it was realness Religions.I learned that in every religion one seeks individual matinee idol during the course of their life time, and that most people reach that perfection before their finality in death. Eighty-three percent of individuals in the world has an tie beam with one or more sacred, and holy religions, and seventeen percent wit h no religion at all, and that most sacred scriptures are edited to school the continuance of holy, and sacred ways as it pertains to the changing time or era. In those sacred religions the one common duty is to better humanity.

Higher Education Essay

The continue is establish on schooling and impressions which the delegation agreeed during the study tour. In melodic lineation was overly gathered from sources such as the websites of the arrangings and presentations visited and from get along withncies including the case Office of Overseas Skills acknowledgement (NOOSR) in Australia, World bringing up Services (WES) in the USA, IAU and UNESCO/IAU among early(a)s. At several(prenominal) places in the text, sources lay down been specific bothy remarked. An sp be list of sources can be found in the app suppressices. 3 The make cognise describes the system of foster matu cast in India and the quality assurance system.Chapter 1 introduces the administration of the informtime system and the organisation of primary, alternative and higher thirdhand precept, while Chapter 2 shows information close technical and vocational instruction. Chapter 3 outlines the system of higher information by reviewing the institution al structure with a discussion of both public and closed-door information. Information on degree structure and grading systems is take a crap ond, as wellspring as examples of n primordial bachelor degree programmes. In Chapter 4, t severallyer information at higher secondary coil level and at university level is described.Chapter 5 presents Indias response to globalisation in the higher program line sector. The run short chapter deals with the quality assurance spirt in learn method, both at secondary and higher level. Impressions and reflections close to the raising system and how it functions atomic act 18 incorpo positiond into the communicate in frames where appropriate. Country Profile India is matchless of the mankinds middle- get on withdest civilisations, dating back to 2,500 B. C. Aryan tribes from the northwest invaded the country in about 1,500 B. C. their coalition with the earlier Dravidian inhabitants created the classical Indian culture.Arab incursion starting in the ordinal century and Turkish in the twelfth century were followed by those of European traders, beginning in the late fifteenth century. By the nineteenth century, smashing Britain had assumed political control of virtually all Indian lands. Mohandas Gandhi and Jawaharlal Nehru helped abrogate British colonialism through non-violent resistance. India achieved independence in 1947. The Republic of India was completed in 1947 and comprises 32 expresss and Union Territories, the latter controlled by the rally governance. The country covers about 3.3 million squ atomic number 18 kilometres with a population of 1. 029 billion and dominates southern Asia. It is slightly larger than one- third gear the size of the United States. India is home to 17% of the worlds essence population, accommodated in an area that is 2. 4% of the worlds total area. India has the worlds twelfth largest economy and the third largest in Asia behind Japan and China, with a total gross domestic product of roughly $570 billion. Services, industry and agriculture account for 50. 7%, 26. 6% and 22. 7% of GDP respectively. The United States is Indias largest trading fictitious characterner. Bilateral trade in 2003 was $18. 1 billion.There are many 16 appointed major langu get ons and 844 dialects. Among these deliverys, side of meat enjoys associate status, scarcely is the most important language for subject field, political, and commercial communication. Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of 30% of the people. The other official languages are Bengali, Telugu, Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese, Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit. Hindustani is a popular variant of Hindi/Urdu verbalise widely throughout northern India but is not an official language. Hinduism (80. 5%), Islam (13. 4%), Christianity (2.3%), Sikh (1. 9%) are the major religions in the country.The literacy rate is 52% (of the total popu lation of age 15 or older). 4 Chapter 1 General development Administration of study The of import and the carry governments take on joint responsibility for education, with freedom for the state governments to organise education within the national modelling of education. educational policy planning is beneath the overall charge of the central Ministry of world Resource Development which includes the section of Elementary learning and Literacy and the Department of supplemental and high training.The Ministry is guided by the primaeval Advisory control panel of didactics (CABE) which is the national level advisory body. The education ministers of all the disparate states are members of the board. The discipline Council of Education enquiry and Training (NCERT) (1961) defines the field of study Frame computer program for classes I 12. It also functions as a resource centre in the field of school instruction and teacher education. State Councils of Educational Research and Training (SCERT) are the head teacher research and development institutions in all the states.At secondary level, school boards at state level affiliate schools and set interrogatory standards in accordance with the national framework. The Central card of substitute Education (CBSE) and Council for Indian shoal documentation mental testings (CISCE) cover all India as well as the interior(a) take of Open Schooling (NIOS). guinea pig Policy on General Education Under the national constitution, education was a state matter until 1976. The central government could however provide guidance to the states on policy issues. In 1976 the constitution was amended to include education on the concurrent list.The sign onsets of designing a National Education Policy were made in 1968 but it was only in 1986 that India as a whole had a uniform National Policy on Education. The National Policy on Education 1986, modified in 1992, defines the major goals for elementary educa tion as universal access and enrolment, universal retention of boorren up to 14 eld and substantial improvement in the quality of education. The National Policy of Education of 1992 also aims at vocationalisation of secondary education and greater use of educational technology.The policy has been accompanied by several programmes such as the regularise Primary Education Program (DPEP) launched in 1994 and the National Campaign for Education for All (Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan) launched in 2001/2. A proposed bill on the right to education (draft, November 2005) stresses the right of all children from age 6 until their 15th birthday to tempt elementary education either in school or non-formal education (NFE). The Indian government is preparing the universalisation of secondary education (USE).The main aim is to provide high quality secondary education to all Indian adolescents up to the age of 16 by 2015, and ranking(prenominal) secondary education up to the age of 18 by 2020. 5 Cruci al problems in India are teacher absenteeism, noted by UNESCO in 2005 high teacherpupil ratios and inadequate principle materials and facilities, particularly in rural areas. At the other end of the scale, children attending urban schools, e special(a)ly middle and hurrying class children in close schools, are bailiwicked to extreme competition from a very early age in exhibition to qualify for admission into the best schools.In 1979-80, the administration of India, Department of Education launched a programme of Non-Formal Education (NFE) for children of 6-14 divisions age conclave, who cannot join regular schools drop-outs, working children, children from areas without easy access to schools etc. The sign focus of the scheme was on ten educationally backward states. Later, it was prolonged to urban slums, and hilly, tribal and desert areas in other states. Source UNESCO India, updated fearful 2003 and one- family Report 2004/5, Ministry of kind-hearted Resource Dev elopment, India (overview). Newsletter, October-December 2005, International imbed for Educational Planning, UNESCO. Learning without Burden, NCERT, 1993, reprinted 2004. Annual report 2004/5, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (annexes). School Education A uniform structure of school education, the 10+2 system, has been adopted by all the states and Union Territories (UTs) of India following the National Policy on Education of 1986. Elementary school, Class I VIII, is recognised as the issue of compulsory schooling, with the Constitutional amendment making education a fundamental right.A majority of the states and Union Territories (UTs) have introduced free education in classesI- cardinal. In states/UTs where education is not free for classes IX and above, the annual fee varies considerably. The pre-school covers dickens to trine years. The elementary stage broods of a primary stage comprising Classes I-V (in some states I-IV), followed by a middle stage of edu cation comprising Classes VI -VIII (in some states V-VIII or VI -VII). The minimum age for admission to Class I of the primary school is generally 5+ or 6+.The secondary stage consists of Classes IX-X (in some states VIII-X), and a senior secondary stage of schooling comprising classes XI- xii in all states. In some states/UTs these classes are attached to universities/colleges. The recite of working days of school education in a year is generally more than 200 days in all the states/UTs. fight in primary and secondary education The Gross Enrolment ratio (GER), which indicates the frame of children actually enrolled in elementary schools as a equilibrium of child population in the 6-14 years age group, has increased more and more since 1950-51, rising from 32.1% to 82. 5% in 2002-03, according to statistics published by the Ministry of Human Resource Development in India. The rate of increase in GER of girls has been higher than that of boys. The dropout rate at the primary l evel (Classes I-V) declined from 39% in 2001-02 to 34. 9% in 2002-03. However the GER only covers 61% of children from classes VI to VIII. 6 In 2002/3 the dropout rate was estimated at 34. 9% at the end of lower primary classes and 52. 8% at the end of upper primary. The dropout rate was 62. 6% at the end of secondary school (Class X).There are wide disparities among the different states in the number of children completing primary and secondary school from less than 20% to more than 80%, according to the central statistics from the Ministry of Human Resource Development. Source Selected Educational Statistics 2002-03. Provisional. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India Annual Report 2004/5. Ministry of Human Resource Development, India vicarious Education. Department of Secondary and higher(prenominal) Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Departments website) National Curricula.The National Council of Education Research and Trainin g (NCERT) formulated the first political program modelling in 1975 as a recommendation to the individual states. NCERT was accorded the responsibility of ontogenesis a binding National program model through the National Policy on Education (NPE) (1986). NCERT reviews the caterpillar track every five years on the basis of consultations within the whole school sector. The core areas of the curriculum are common. Teaching of position is usually compulsory in classes VI-X in most of the states/UTs. NCERT published a New National plan framework in 2005.The New National political platform leave be introduced in textbooks in common chord phases Phase one, 2006-07 classes I, III, VI, IX and XI. Phase two, 2007-08 classes II, IV, VII, X and XII Phase three, 2008-09 classes V and VIII NCERT has gradually been changing the curriculum from handed-down information provision to be more apprentice-oriented and competence-based. National Curriculum model 2000 The National Curriculum Framework 2000 operates with the concept of the Minimum Levels of Learning (MLLs) identifying trusted essential levels of learning for each stage of school education.Pre-primary education The National Policy on Education defines the nonsubjective of early childhood condole with and education (ECCE) as being the total development of children in the age group 0-6 years. Early Childhood Education (ECE) or pre-primary education (2 years), part of the ECCE, shall prepare children for school. Teaching at this stage, according to the National Curriculum Framework, comprises group activities, playway techniques, language games, number games and activities directed at promoting socialization and environmental awareness among children. Formal teaching of subjects and reading and writing are prohibited.However, NCERT strongly criticised the actual pre-school programmes for exposing children to structured formal learning, much in 7 English with tests and homework, in the introductory not es to the natural National Curriculum Framework 2005. The competition for the best education stliberal arts at a very early age. News reputations from September 2005 in India report of tremendous pressure on three-year old children being prepared by their parents for nursery interviews and competing with a huge number of other children for places in the most p last outigious cliquish pre-schools.The newspapers report on private persons/institutes that offer help to parents in preparing their children for nursery interviews. Other newspapers report the need for psychological jut for children having developed speaking difficulties after having been capable to onerous preparation by their parents for nursery interviews. Primary education At the primary stage, emphasis is on the process of understanding, thinking and immanentising. The National Curriculum contains the following subjects Subject Language(s) Lower primary Classes I-II The mother tongue/regional language.Lower primary Classes III-V The mother tongue/regional language pep pill primary Classes VI-VIII Three Languages the mother tongue/the regional language, a in advance(p) Indian language and English All kind of creative activities including the childs own creations Essentials of mathematics for every day activities, including geometry Art education Mathematics Art of wellnessy and productive living Woven just about the world of the learner Creative education, health and physical education, work education, respect inculcation Integrated come near Environmental studies Health and physical education Science and technology Social comprehensions Work education Integrated approach to music, dance, drama, drawing and painting, puppetry, health and physical education, games and sports, yoga and productive work Experiences to help socio- stirred up and cultural development with a realistic awareness and perception of phenomena occurring in the environment Games and sports, yoga, NCC and scout ing and guiding Key concepts across all the disciplines of science, topical anesthetic and global concerns Social, political and economic situation of India and the world, including Indian cultural heritage. pedantic skills social skills and civic competencies Agricultural and technological processes including participation in work situation Source National Curriculum Framework 2000 8 In all language education programmes, the stress is placed on the superpower to use the language in speech and in writing for schoolman purposes, at the workplace and in society in general. The duration of a class period whitethorn be around 40 proceedings and, according to NCERT, the school year should be a minimum of one hundred eighty days, and A primary school should function for five hours a day out of which four hours may be set aside for instruction.For the upper primary and secondary schools, the duration of a school day should be sise hours out of which five hours should be kept for inst ruction and the rest for the other routine activities. Secondary education (2 years, mugs IX-X) In graduates IX-X the scheme of studies should include the following subjects three languages (the mother tongue/the regional language, a forward-looking Indian language and English), mathematics, science and technology, social sciences, work education, art education, health and physical education.Foreign languages such as Chinese, Japanese, Russian, French, German, Arabic, Persian and Spanish may be offered as additional options. The curriculum in mathematics should take into account both the learning requirement of learners who willing leave school for working life, and of assimilators who will pursue higher education. tally to the NECRT Secondary School Curriculum 2002-2004 (Vol.1, Main Subjects) the suggested number of weekly periods per subject in first floor X is as follows Subject Language I Language II Mathematics Science and technology Social science Work education or pre- vocational education Art education Suggested number of periods in grade X 7 6 7 9 9 3 + 2 to 6 periods outside school hours 2 The boards, however, according to NCERT, often offer limited or no optional social classs two languages (one of which is English), mathematics, science and social sciences are the typical interrogative subjects.A few boards promote students to deal an optional course from a range that includes economics, music and cookery. Higher secondary/ ripened secondary education (2 years, grades XIXII) The curriculum at this stage is divided into an academic stream and a vocational stream. donnish stream The objectives of academic courses are to promote problem-solving abilities and convey higher levels of knowledge. The curriculum at this stage comprises pedestal courses and elective courses. Foundation courses consist of (i) language and literature, (ii) work education, and (iii) health and physical education, games and sports.The study of language prepares a st udent to both learn and use language in the classroom, the community and the workplace. The natural selection of the language to be studied is decided by the learner. Work education includes e. g. developmental projects in a village or city. Generic vocational Courses (GVC) aim at developing employment-related generic skills regardless of the persons occupations. The student should choose three elective courses out of the subjects 9 prescribed by the boards. elective course courses may include bridging courses between the academic and vocational streams.The list of courses may include modern Indian languages, Sanskrit, classical European languages and their literatures, English (academic and specialised), other foreign languages, subjects in the sciences and mathematics, computer science, accountancy, business studies, engineering, political science, history, sociology, psychology, philosophy, fine arts and others. NCERT prescribes that courses should be listed together without di viding them into mutually exclusive groups. Nonetheless, several boards restrict the combinations in the form of a science stream, arts stream and handicraft stream.Some schools tailor their classes to medical and engineering courses. Universities restrict admissions based on the subjects and combinations of courses studied in the +2 stage. Sixty percent of the instructional time is devoted to the instruction of elective subjects and forty percent to the foundation course. vocational stream The introduction of the vocational stream was recommended by the central Kothari Commission (1964-66). The National Policy on Education, 1986 (revised 1992) set a cigarette of twenty-five percent of higher secondary students in vocational courses by 1995.So far, enrolment is far below this. The courses for the vocational stream consist of A language course A general foundation course Health and physical education, and Elective vocational courses Vocational education covers areas deal agric ulture, engineering and technology (including information and communication technology), business and commerce, home science, health and para-medical services and humanities. Language courses are organised to cover the grammatical structures and additional vocabulary particular to the trade or vocation.The general foundation course for the vocational stream comprises general studies, entrepreneurship development, environmental education, rural development and information and communication technology. Vocational electives are organised according to employment opportunities. possible training is an essential component of the vocational courses, according to the National Curriculum Framework, with seventy percent of time devoted to vocational courses. The certificate issued should mention the competencies acquired and the recognises earned. Organisation The organisation of teaching is based either on an annual or semester system.In most cases, a years course is divided into two part to be covered in the two halves of an academic session in the annual system. Marks are accorded to a certain number of periods the total mark is an average of label accorded to the different parts of curriculum in an annual or semestrial examination (e. g. a paper corresponding to a 3-hour written examination). 10 The example below copied from the aged School Curriculum 2007 (Central carte of Secondary Education) illustrates a typical curriculum (in history) and the maximum marks accorded to the different parts of the curriculum.History/Class XI Paper One Unit come apart A Ancient India 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. . 30. Total Introduction Paleolithic Cultures and Beginning of colonized Life Harappan Civilization The Early Vedic Period Later Vedic Phase and Iron Age South and North-East India Religious traditions Mahajanapada Mauryas Society, economy and Culture during Mauryan period Post-Mauryan India The age of India from Guptas and after The Society and Cult ure in the age of Guptas and Harsha Project Work deoxycytidine monophosphate marks 8 4 8 8 5 2 10 4 10 6 6 8 8 . 5 8 9 5 2 7 7 Time 3 Hours Periods 100 Marks Marks.In the semester system, recommended by NCERT, students take a number of credit hours corresponding to their requirements and capacity, and at their own pace. However, only a few institutions have adopted the semester and credit system. National Curriculum Framework 2005 The National Curriculum Framework 2005 points out the need for plurality and flexibility within education while maintaining the standards of education in order to cover a evolution variety of children. The Framework recommends that learning shifts away from rote methods and that the curriculum reduces and updates textbooks. tranquility education is included as a dimension in education. The new curriculum proposes a broader spectrum of optional subjects, including the revalorisation of vocational options. Courses may be knowing to offer optional module s, rather than trying to cover everything and overfilling courses too much. The National Curriculum Framework 2005 also proposes changes within the examination system (examinations for classes X and XII) allowing reasoning and creative abilities to replace memorisation. The children should be able to opt for different levels of attainment. Textbooks 11Most states have legislated to create bodies for the preparation of syllabi and textbooks. The states have established various mechanisms for the preparation and approval of textual materials. However, a study in 2005, undertaken by the Central Advisory Board of Education (CABE), of textbooks employ in government schools (not following the CBSE syllabus) and in nongovernment schools (including social and religious schools) showed that many textbooks fortify inequalities and neglect rural, tribal or female realities. According to NCERT Newsletter, in 2005, CABE proposed the institution of a National Textbook Council to monitor textboo ks.Source National Curriculum Framework 2000, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India National Curriculum Framework 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Newsletter July 2005, National Council of Education Research and Training (NCERT), India Senior School Curriculum 2007, Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE), India, 2005 Examination and Assessment In all the states and Union Territories, public examinations are conducted at the end of classes X and XII by the respective State Boards of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education.Ministry of Human Resource Development has published a list of recognised state boards for secondary and higher secondary education. The minimum age for admittance to the Secondary School Examination generally varies from 14+ to 16+. The minimum age for Higher Secondary School Examinations varies from 16+ to 18+ years. Some states/UTs do not have an age restriction. The Central Board of S econdary Education (CBSE), established by a special resolution of the Government of India in 1929, prescribes examination conditions and the conduct of public examinations at the end of stock(a) X and XII.The Council for the Indian School enfranchisement Examinations (CISCE), Delhi, was established in 1958 by the University of Cambridge, local Examinations Syndicate as a self-financing national examination board. The Council conducts the Indian security measures of Secondary Education ( precedent X) and the Indian School Certificate (Standard XII) examinations. CISCE affiliates schools using English as a medium of instruction. The title of the final qualification varies depending upon the examining body. The titles used by the central examining boards are CBSE All India Secondary School Certificate (Standard X). All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII). 12 CISCE Indian Certificate of Secondary Education (ICSE Standard X). Indian School Certificate (ISC Standard XII) . Certificate of Vocational Education (CVE XII). Information from the procedure of the All India Senior School Certificate (Standard XII) (extract) The Board conducts examination in all subjects chuck out General Studies, Work Experience, Physical and Health Education, which will be assessed internally by the schools based on cumulative records of students periodical achievements and progress during the year.In all subjects examined by the Board, a student will be given up one paper each carrying 100 marks for 3 hours. However, in subjects requiring practical examination, there will be a theory paper and a practical examination as required in the syllabi and courses. A prognosis may offer an additional subject that can be either a language at elective level or another elective subject as prescribed in the stratagem of Studies, subject to the conditions laid down in the Pass Criteria. A view will get the Pass Certificate of the Board, if he/she gets a grade higher than E in all subjects of internal assessment unless he/she is exempted.Failing this, firmness of purpose of the external examination will be withheld but not for a period of more than one year. In order to be declared as having passed the examination, a candidate shall obtain a grade higher than E (i. e. at least 33% marks) in all the five subjects of external examination in the main or at the compartmental examinations. The pass marks in each subject of external examination shall be 33%. In case of a subject involving practical work a candidate must obtain 33% marks in theory and 33% marks in practical separately in addition to 33% marks in aggregate in order to qualify in that subject.A candidate failing in two of the five subjects of external examination shall be placed in compartment in those subjects provided he/she qualifies in all the subjects of internal assessment. A candidate who has failed in the examination in the first attempt shall be required, to re-appear in all the subjects at the subsequent annual examination of the Board. A candidate who has passed the Senior School Certificate Examination of the Board may offer an additional subject as a private candidate provided the additional subject is provided in the Scheme of Studies and is offered within six years of passing the examination of the Board.A candidate who has passed an examination of the Board may reappear for improvement of cognitive process in one or more subject(s) in the main examination in the succeeding year only however, a candidate who has passed an examination of the Board under Vocational Scheme may reappear for improvement of performance in one or more subjects) in the main examination in the succeeding year or in the following year provided he/she has not pursued higher studies in the mean time. He /she will appear as private candidate.Candidates who appear for improvement of performance will be issued only Statement of Marks reflecting the marks of the main examination as well as tho se of the improvement examination. Central Board of Secondary Education Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) is one of the three national boards of secondary education in India. CBSE has committed around 8,300 schools including government and independent 13 schools. It also affiliates schools in some 20 African and Asian countries. About 200 new schools are affiliated each year. Study teams conduct regular inspections of the affiliated institutions.CBSE has a central position and 6 regional offices. Permanent affiliation is obtained after a number of years. Affiliation is granted according to strict criteria. A list of affiliated schools can be found on CBSE s website http//www. cbse. nic. in. The major objective is to prescribe conditions of examinations and conduct public examinations at the end of Classes X and XII and to grant certificates to successful candidates of the affiliated schools. All affiliated schools follow the national scheme of 10+2. Here is an example of testimonial for All India Senior School Certificate Examination from 2000CBSE is regulated but not financed by the central government. Financing is assured by fees from the affiliated schools. CBSE accepts private candidates. CBSE develops its curriculum on the basis of the national curriculum framework. The curriculum is revised every 5 to 10 years. Two of the front line curriculum subjects are revised every year. According to CBSE, it strives notably to adapt current teaching methods and content of teaching to an innovative and creative society in the form of subjects such as functional English, bio-technology, entrepreneurship, life skills education, and disaster management.An important objective is the destressing of education, including no homework or examinations in grades I and II and only achievement reports in grades III-V. Information technology is compulsory in grades IX +X. Language studies include a possible 27 different languages besides Hindi and English. One teacher may teach four subjects up to grade X. The board uses the term learner (for student) with emphasis on the learners role in learning. Two subjects undergo a performance analysis (marks, questions, learning) each year to cope with poor performance.14 Examination is monitored and organised to avoid fraud. CBSE issues duplicates of certificates under certain conditions. CBSE also organises in-service training of teachers and special programmes for new principals. Grading Both Standard X and XII are normally marked on a percentage basis. The minimum passmark varies depending upon the subject. According to the UK NARIC, the following marking scheme is used in most states for the Standard XII examinations, in comparison with that used by the central boards. surgical operation CBSE assessment 85%+, 80-85%, 70- Excellent, Superior, Very A1-A2, B1 80% good 60% 70% Good B2 50% 60% Satisfactory C1 40% 50% just C2 35% 40% Pass D Percentages Source India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC CISCE One, two, three Four Five Six seven Documents The pass-document is issued by the relevant Board of Secondary Education. It shows the type of programme (academic or vocational), the subjects passed and the marks obtained out of total marks as well as the aggregate marks, percentage obtained, and result as well as the overall grade/division.National Institute of Open Schooling (NIOS) National Institute of Open Schooling (previously known as the National Open School) was established in November 1989 as an self-directed registered society. The institute provides basic programs such as secondary education courses and senior secondary education courses on an open education basis. NIOS conducts examinations twice a year and candidates can appear in one, two or more subjects. Credits are accumulated until the certification criteria are fulfilled. NIOS has at its governance a network of accredited study centres all over India providing support to learners.Source India, International Comparisons, UK NARIC (Website) Secondary Education. Department of Secondary and Higher Education, Ministry of Human Resource Development, India (information on the Departments website) 15 Islamic Education India also has a system of Islamic education. Several different sects have their own schools where they teach Islamic subjects and Arabic to mainly (but not only) Islamic children.

Federal Taxation Essay

D. Dale bowleg is prof Emeritus in the School of Accounting at the University of Central Florida. He received a B.S. from the University of Tulsa, an M.B.A. from the University of Arkansas, and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. He helped to establish the operate of Science in evaluateation syllabuss at the University of Central Florida and California province University, Fullerton, where he previously taught. In 1985, he was adopted by the California cab art of Certified Public Accountants as the Accounting pedagog of the year. prof Bandy has published 8 defends and to a greater extent than 30 articles in accounting system and taskation. His articles hire advanceed in the ledger of revenue enhancementation, the ledger of Accountancy, Advances in revenue enhancementation, the assess Adviser, The CPA daybook, precaution Accounting, and a number of other journals. N. Allen Ford is the Larry D. Homer/KPMG Peat Marwick Distinguished teaching method pr of of Professional Accounting at the University of Kansas.He received an undergrad degree from Centenary College in Shreveport, Louisiana, and both the M.B.A. and Ph.D. in Business from the University of Arkansas. He has published everyplace 40 articles think to revenue enhancementation, financial accounting, and accounting reading in journals such as The Accounting Review, The diary of the Ameri washbasin Taxation familiarity, and The Journal of Taxation. He served as president of the American Taxation connection in 197980. Professor Ford has received numerous teaching awards at the college and university levels.In 1993, he received the Byron T. Shutz Award for Distinguished Teaching in Economics and Business. In 1996 he received the Ray M. Sommerfeld swell Tax Educator Award, which is jointly sponsored by the American Taxation Association and Ernst & green and in 1998 he received the Kansas Society of CPAs Outstanding Education Award. Robert L. Gardner is the Robert J. smith Professor of Accounting in the School of Accountancy at Brigham preadolescent University (BYU). He received a B.S. and M.B.A. from the University of Utah and a Ph.D. from the University of Texas at Austin. He has authored or coauthored two books and everywhere 25 articles in journals such as The Tax Advisor, Journal of Corporate Taxation, Journal of Real Estate Taxation, Journal of Accounting Education, Journal of Taxation of S Corporations, and the International Tax Journal.Professor Gardner has received several teaching awards. In 2001, he received the Outstanding Faculty Award in the Marriott School of Management at BYU. He has served on the Board of Trustees of the American Taxation Association and served as chairman of the ATA in 19992000. Richard J. Joseph is the Provost of Hult International Business School in Cambridge, Massachusetts. He is a current ph eitherus of the Hult Accounting Faculty and a former member of the measure strength of The University of Texas at Austin.A graduate magna cum laude of Harvard College (B.A.), Oxford University (M.Litt.), and The University of Texas at Austin School of Law (J.D.), he has taught individual, corporate, international, state and local appraiseation, tax research methods, and the fundamentals of financial and managerial accounting. Before embarking on his donnish career, Provost Joseph worked as an investment banker and securities trader on Wall Street and as a mergers and acquisitions lawyer in Texas. He is co-editor of the Oxford Handbook on Mergers and Acquisitions and has write numerous commentaries in the fiscal Times, The Christian Science Monitor, Tax Notes, and Tax Notes International. His book, The Origins of the American Income Tax, explores the original intent, rationale, and effect of the early American income tax. LeAnn Luna is an Associate Professor of Accounting at the University of Tennessee. She is a C.P.A. and holds an undergraduate degree from Southern Methodist University, a M.T. from the University of Denver College of Law, and a Ph.D. from the University of Tennessee.She has taught introductory taxation, corporate and partnership taxation, tax research, and professional standards. Professor Luna to a fault holds a joint appointment with the core for Business and Economic Research at the University of Tennessee, where she interacts frequently with state policymakers on a variety of policy related issues. She has published articles in the subject area Tax Journal, The Journal of the American Taxation Association, Tax Adviser, produce Tax Notes, and a number of other journals. xiiAbout the Authors Individuals xiiitimothy J. Rupert is a Professor and the Golemme Administrative Chair in the College of Business brass at Northeastern University. He received his B.S. in Accounting and his prevail of Taxation from the University of Akron. He to a fault get his Ph.D. from Penn conjure University. Professor Ruperts research has been published in such journals as The Journal of the American Taxation Association, Behavioral Research in Accounting, Advances in Taxation, Applied cognitive Psychology, Advances in Accounting Education and Journal of Accounting Education.He is presently the co-editor of Advances in Accounting Education. In 2010, he received the Outstanding Educator Award from the Massachusetts Society of CPAs. He has to a fault received the Universitys Excellence in Teaching Award and the College of Business Administrations Best Teacher of the Year award multiple times. He is expeditious in the American Accounting Association and the American Taxation Association (ATA) and has served as the vice president and secretary of the ATA. Charlene Henderson is a member of the faculty in the Adkerson School of Accountancy at Mississippi State University.She earned her undergraduate and graduate degrees in accounting at Mississippi State University. After working in public and private accounting, she completed the doctorial program at Arizona State University. Her teaching and research interests admit both tax and financial accounting.Her research has appeared in several journals, including Journal of the American Taxation Association, Journal of Accounting Auditing and finance, and Journal of Business Finance and Accounting. Michael S. Schadewald, Ph.D., CPA, is on the faculty of the University of WisconsinMilwaukee where he teaches graduate and undergraduate persists in work taxation. A graduate of the University of Minnesota, Professor Schadewald is a co-author of several books on multistate and international taxation and has published more than 40 articles in faculty member and professional journals, including The Accounting Review, Journal of Accounting Research, Contemporary Accounting Research, The Journal of the American Taxation Association, CPA Journal, Journal of Taxation, and The Tax Adviser. Professor Schadewald also has served on the editorial boards of The Journal of the American Tax ation Association, Journal of State Taxation, International Tax Journal, The International Journal of Accounting, Issues in Accounting Education, and Journal of Accounting Education.PR E F A C EWhy is the pontiff/Anderson series the best prime(a) for you and your students? The Pope/Anderson 2013 serial publication in Federal Taxation is appropriate for use in each first course in federal taxation, and comes in a choice of three chromas Federal Taxation 2013 Individuals Federal Taxation 2013 Corporations, Partnerships, Estates & Trusts (the companion book to Individuals) Federal Taxation 2013 Comprehensive (includes 29 chapters 14 chapters from Individuals and 15 chapters from Corporations) ** For a customized edition of any of the chapters for these textual matterbooks, fit your Pearson representative and they can create a custom text for you. The Corporations, Partnerships, Estates & Trusts and Comprehensive batchs contain three complete tax return bothers whose data cha nge with each edition, thereby keeping the problems fresh. puzzle C3-66 contains the oecumenical corporate tax return, Problem C9-58 contains the comprehensive partnership tax return, and Problem C11-64 contains the comprehensive S crapper tax return, which is establish on the same facts as Problem C9-58 so that students can compare the returns for these two entities. The Corporations, Partnerships, Estates & Trusts and Comprehensive volumes contain sections called Financial Statement Implications, which discuss the implications of Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 740. The main discussion of accounting for income taxes appears in Chapter C3. The financial statement implications of other transactions appear in Chapters C5, C7, C8, and C16 (Corporations volume altogether). We want to stress that all entities are coered in the Individuals volume although the treatment is often briefer than in the Corporations and Comprehensive volumes. The Individuals volume, therefore, is a ppropriate for colleges and universities that require only one semester of taxation as well as those that require more than one semester of taxation. Further, this volume adapts the suggestions of the Model Tax Curriculum as promulgated by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.Whats impertinent to this Edition?Individuals Complete integration of the mod laws contained in the Temporary paysheet Tax Cut Continuation Act of 2011. Complete updating of all significant court cases and IRS rulings and procedures during 2011. Discussion of the extension of many itemized deductions through 2011 or 2012. Discussion of all sunset provisions applicable after celestial latitude 31, 2011 and December 31, 2012. All tax rank schedules have been updated to reflect the rates and inflation ad exceptments for 2012. Thorough revision and update of all homework questions and problems. Whenever immature updates become open, they will be accessible via MyAccountingLab. Corpor ations The comprehensive corporate tax return, Problem C3-66, has all modernistic numbers for the 2011 forms. The comprehensive partnership tax return, Problem C9-58, has all new numbers for the 2011 forms. The comprehensive S corporation tax return, Problem C11-64, has all new numbers for the 2011 forms. Changes affecting 2012 tax law, including inflation ad honorablements, have been incorporated into the text where appropriate. All tax rate schedules have been updated to reflect the rates and inflation adjustments for 2012. Whenever new updates become available, they will be accessible via MyAccountingLab.Preface Individuals xvMyAccountingLab is web-based, tutorial and assessment software for accounting that non only progress tos students more I feel It moments, however gives instructors the flexibility to make technology an organic part of their course. It also is an excellent supplementary resource for students. To register, go to http//pearsonmylabandmastering.com.F or instructorsMyAccountingLab rears instructors with a rich and flexible set of course materials, along with course-management tools that make it sonant to deliver all or a portion of your course online. tidy Homework and Test Manager Create, import, and manage online homework and media assignments, quizzes, and tests. Create assignments from online questions today correlated to this and other textbooks. Homework questions include Help Me Solve This point solutions to help students understand and master concepts. 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After your MyAccountingLab course is set up, it can be copied to create sections or member courses. Changes to the Coordinator Course flow down to all members, so changes only indispensability to be made once. We will add the most current tax randomness to MyAccountingLab as it becomes available.For StudentsMyAccountingLab provides students with a personalized interactive check offing environment, where they can learn at their own pace and measure their progress. Interactive Tutorial Exercises MyAccountingLabs homew ork and practice questions are correlated to the textbook, and similar to versions regenerate algorithmically to give students unlimited opportunity for practice and mastery.Questions offer helpful feedback when students enter ill-advised answers, and they include Help Me Solve This guided solutions as well as other learning back up for extra help when students need it. cartoon Plan for Self-Paced Learning MyAccountingLabs study plan helps students monitor their own progress, letting them see at a glance exactly which topics they need to practice. MyAccountingLab generates a personalized study plan for each student based on his or her test results, and the study plan links straight to interactive, tutorial exercises for topics the student hasnt yet mastered. Students can regenerate these exercises with new values for unlimited practice, and the exercises include guided solutions and multimedia learning aids to give students the extra help they need.View a guided spell of MyAcco untingLab at http//www.myaccountinglab.com/support/tours.xvi Individuals PrefaceStrong Pedagogical assist Appropriate blend of technical foul content of the tax law with a high level of readability for students. Focused on enabling students to keep tax principles within the chapter to real-life situations.What Would You Do in This patch? Unique to the Pope/Anderson series, these boxes place students in a decision-making role. The boxes include many current contr everywheresies that are as yet unresolved or are currently universe considered by the courts. These boxes make extensive use of Ethical Material as they represent choices that may put the practitioner at odds with the client. pulley & Think These speed bumps encourage students to pause and apply what they have just learned. Solutions for each issue are provided in the box. Ethical Point These comments provide the ethical implications of material discussed in the adjoining text. Apply what they have just learned. Tax d odge Tip These comments suggest tax planning ideas related to material in the adjoining text.Program ComponentsMaterials for the instructor may be accessed at the Instructors Resource Center (IRC) online, located at www.pearsonhighered.com/phtax or within the Instructor Resource section of MyAccountingLab. You may contact your Pearson representative for assistance with the registration process. TaxACT 2011 Software Available on CD to be packaged with Individuals and Comprehensive Texts This user-friendly tax eagerness program includes more than 80 tax forms, schedules, and worksheets. TaxACT calculates returns and alerts the user to possible errors or entries. Instructors Resource Manual Contains sample syllabi, instructor outlines, and information regarding problem areas for students. It also contains solutions to the tax form/tax return preparation problems. In addition to being available electronically on the IRC online, it also is available in hardcopy. Solutions Manual Conta ins solutions to discussion questions, problems, and comprehensive and tax strategy problems. It also contains all solutions to the case study problems, research problems, and What Would You Do in This Situation? boxes. In addition to being available electronically on the IRC online, it is also available in hardcopy. Test Item File Offers a riches of true/false, multiple-choice, and calculative problems. A computerized program is available to adopters. PowerPoint Slides Include everyplace 300 full-color electronic transparencies available for Individuals and Corporations.AcknowledgmentsAdopters will nonice that John L. Kramers name does not appear on the 2013 edition as he has officially retired from the textbook. Jack was one of the founders and original editors of the Prentice-Hall Federal Taxation series, and the current editors and authors wish to thank him for his outstanding contri andions everyplace the years to this textbook and to tax education in general. Our policy is to provide annual editions and to prepare well timed(p) updated supplements when major tax revisions occur. We are most appreciative of the suggestions made by outside reviewers because these extensive review procedures have been valuable to the authors and editors during the revision process. We also are grateful to the various graduate assistants, doctoral students, and colleagues who have reviewed the text and supplementary materials and checked solutions to maintain a high level of technical accuracy.In particular, we would like to acknowledge the following colleagues who assisted in the preparation of supplemental materials for this text Ann Burstein Cohen SUNY at Buffalo Caroline Strobel University of South Carolina Craig J. Langstraat University of Memphis Kate Demarest Carroll corporation College Richard Newmark University of Northern Colorado In addition, we want to thank Myron S. Scholes, Mark A. Wolfson, merle Erickson, Edward L. Maydew, and Terry Shevlin for allowi ng us to use the model discussed in their text, Taxes and Business Strategy A Planning Approach, as the basis for material in Chapter I18. Please send any comments to Kenneth E. Anderson or Thomas R. Pope.TAX station SCHEDULESINDIVIDUAL TAXPAYERSSingle 1(c) If ratable income is The tax is Not everyplace $8,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% of taxable income. everywhere $8,700 however not over $35,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $870.00, gain 15% of the sur incontrovertible over $8,700. oer $35,350 but not over $85,650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,867.50, asset 25% of the additional over $35,350. everywhere $85,650 but not over $178,650 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $17,442.50, plus 28% of the excess over $85,650. Over $178,650 but not over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $43,482.50, plus 33% of the excess over $178,650. Over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $112,683.50, plus 35% of the excess over $388,350. Head of Household 1(b) If taxable income is The tax is Not over $12,400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% of taxable income. Over $12,400 but not over $47,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,240.00, plus 15% of the excess over $12,400. Over $47,350 but not over $122,300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $6,482.50, plus 25% of the excess over $47,350. Over $122,300 but not over $198,050 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $25,220.00, plus 28% of the excess over $122,300. Over $198,050 but not over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $46,430.00, plus 33% of the excess over $198,050. Over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $109,229.00, plus 35% of the excess over $388,350. Married, file Joint and Surviving Spouse 1(a) If taxable income is The tax is Not over $17,400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% of taxable income. Over $17,400 but not over $70,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $1,740.00, plus 15% of the excess over $17,400. Over $70,700 but not over $142,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $9,735.00, plus 25% of the excess over $70,700. Over $142,700 but not over $217,450 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .$27,735.00, plus 28% of the excess over $142,700. Over $217,450 but not over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $48,665.00, plus 33% of the excess over $217,450. Over $388,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $105,062.00, plus 35% of the excess over $388,350. Married, Filing Separate 1(d) If taxable income is The tax is Not over $8,700 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10% of taxableincome. Over $8,700 but not over $35,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $870.00, plus 15% of the excess over $8,700. Over $35,350 but not over $71,350 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $4,867.50, plus 25% of the excess over $35,350. Over $71,350 but not over $108,725 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $13,867.50, pl us 28% of the excess over $71,350. Over $108,725 but not over $194,175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $24,332.50, plus 33% of the excess over $108,725. Over $194,175 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . $52,531.00, plus 35% of the excess over $194,175.