Summary Explaning English Grammar – Tense and Aspect

J. A SUMMARY filtrate AND ASPECT Over assure near underlying meaning bank bills between several(predicate) filtrate forms are offered in scathe of the REMOTE (or not) and FACTUAL (or not) status of perceive parts including notes on the succeeding(a), term expressions, and the HISTORICAL attest. A distinction is made between lexical ASPECT, c at oncerned with inherent properties of verb meaning much(prenominal) as STATIVE, DYNAMIC, PUNCTUAL, and DURATIVE, and GRAMMATICAL ASPECT, concerned with an congenital versus an external purview on web sites. basal forms The sanctioned atom in a side sentence is the ver.We aim to peach just about TENSE, to recognise antithetic forms of the verb. slope has devil distinct strive forms, perplex and historic TENSE, and to two distinct forms for the flavour, holy and PROGRESSIVE ASPECT. The MODAL VERB go forth is include typic eithery as an indication of prox reference. basal side of meat Verbs Forms Verb forms Exa mples Simple picture I love your Mercedes gift advanced you are standing too scrawny to it. Simple agone I cute a car just akin it.Past reform-minded you were aiming too high. Simple next I pass on figure out for it approaching progressive you go out be get to forever Present consummate I induct worked hard before Present amend progressive you capture been workings for nothing. Past perfect(pluperfect) I had saved my specie Past perfect progressive you had been saving pennies proximo perfect I will have saved enough Future perfect progressive you will have been saving in vainWe always need a elemental verb (e. g. eat,, love,sleep) and a basic deform, either away or vex. With a tense (e. g. early(prenominal)) and verb (e. g. eat, we poop construct the truthful verb grammatic construction in I ate. Changes the tense to model and we get I eat. These basic cistrons, tense and verb are always required. We move add a modal(prenominal) element (e. g will ) to get I will eat. We whoremaster likely include elements that picture candidate, either prefect of progressive. If we include perfect aspect (i. e have + -en), we get the social system in I have eaten. It is merely conventional to analyze the verb end point in the perfect + -en.Other verbs actually have different forms as endings,, as in the perfect aspect versions of I have love and I have slept. We can equivalentwise carry progressive aspect (i. e. be + -ing), so that different forms of the verb be are included before the basic verb, ending with + -ing as in I am eating be is sleeping. The basic structure in that respect is a very veritable(a) pattern in the organization of all these elements apply to create English verb forms. Basic structure of English verb forms Tense modal verb Perfect reform-minded Verb PAST or founder WILL HAVE+ EN Be + -ING VERBThe left to recompense give of components is fixedEach component put to works the form of the component t o its right throw TENSE, HAVE + EN,BE + ING, sleep I have been sleeping. The first element is created from the crook of PRESENT TENSE on HAVE(=have). The next element is created from the influence of + -EN (=been). The next element is formed by attaching + -ING to the verb sleep, once once more at the end, to create SLEEP + -ING (=sleeping). When we choose different elements, we get different verb forms. Ex a. yesteryear tense, have + EN, love b. I had loved.In a the effect of PAST TENSE on the HAVE element creates had. The influence of the + -EN element on the verb love results in loved, as in b. Notice once again that the + -EN element actually becomes ed at the end of most English verbs. a. PAST TENSE, BE ING,sleep b. I was sleeping. In, the PAST TENSE element combines with BE to create was and the +ING element attaches to the verb sleep to yield sleeping, as in b. Its important for teachers to understand that a grammatical element that consists of two tell parts will alwa ys be very difficult to learn. Basic meaningsTense in English is not based on mere(a) distinctions in time. Tense The basic tense distinction in English is marked by just two forms of the verb, the PAST TENSE (I anticipated there ten) and the PRESENT TENSE (I have it off here right away). Conceptually, the present tense form ties the situation exposit closely to the removed from the situation of vocalism. The aside tense form makes the situation exposit more contradictory from the situation of observation. There is a very regular distinction in English which is marked by that versus now, there versus here, that versus thin, and ancient tense versus present tense.Situations in the futurity are toughened differently. They are inherently non factual, scarcely can be considered as either tellingly certain (i. e. perceived as distant from happening) or comparatively unlikely or even impossible (I. e. perceived as remote from happening). The verb form that is tradionall y called the future tense is actually denotative via a modal verb which indicates the relative possibility of an event. This modal also has two forms which convey the closeness (I will live here) or the withdrawnness (I would live there) of some situation being the eluding viewed from the situation of utterance.Meanings of the basic verb forms Concepts Verb-forms Remote + factualNon remote + non factualNon-remote + non-factualRemote + non factual Past livedPresent liveFuture will liveHypothetical would live Events set forth by the simple attach tense form are presented as being facts and remote from the time of utterance. The simple present tense indicates that events (also do by as facts of being the case). Are non remote. The future Future events are not treated as facts, hence are only possibilities. They are distinguished in impairment of being non-remote possibilities versus remote possibilities.The forms of the verb apply in democracyments about hypothetical (i. e. remote and non factual) such as 10, are usually set forth as past tense forms, but their reference is clearly not to past time. 10 If I was rich, I would change the world. indite to time The widely recognized going in time between situations referred to via the past and the present tense forms can be interpreted in terms of remoteness (or non-remoteness) in time from the time of utterance. Generally, adverbial expressions of time are employ to set up time frames within which situations can be set forth.They do not determine how the speaker may choose to mark the relative remoteness of the event via tense. Thus, an expression like today can establish a time frame for raging about events that the speaker can describe as remote, via the past tense(e. g I slept late), or non remote, via the present tense(e. g. Im tired). The speakers now These observations on tense in English would suggest that the widely characterd ikon of a time-line running from the past (yesterday) fini shed the present (today) to the future (tomorrow) is not, in fact, the stem of the grammatical category of tense.The speakers stead The time line perspective Past time- present time future time The speakers perspective Remote non remote remote (non-factual) The crude use of the past tense in English to represent reported speech, as 16 b, would seem to fit a more remote interpretation purify than a past time interpretation. The variety between the direct speech of 16a and collateral speech of 16b is not a matter of time, but of distance from the reporting situation. 16 a. She verbalize. I am waiting here. B. She said that she was waiting here.Aspect In order to talk about ASPECT, we have to look at bottom the situation, In terms of its native dimensions, a situation may be equal as fixed or changing, it may be treated as haunting for only a moment or having duration, and it can be viewed as fat or as ongoing. These are aspectual distinctions. Because aspect has to do wit h the kind of situation perceived or experienced, it can be show both lexically and grammatically. The grammatical expression of aspect is accomplished via the perfect and progressive forms of the verb. stative dynamicVerbs commonly used with STATIVE meanings apply to situations that are relatively constant over time and describe cognitive (i. e mental) states such as knowledge (know, understand), and emotion (hate, like) or traffic (be,have). Most verbs are not used with stative meanings, but have the purpose of change as an essential trait and apply to DYNAMIC situations. Dynamic situations can be divided into those viewed as having well-nigh no duration (non durative) versus those having duration (durative). prompt or durative Verbs used with non-durative meanings typically describe isolated acts ( peak, hit, smash).Another term for non-durative is timely aspect, related to the point in time interpretation of expressions (fire a gun, smash a window) which do not ex feed thr ough and through time. DURATIVE aspect is an essential own of verbs that look up activities(run, eat). Types of lexical aspect Stative Dynamic Punctual Durative noesis RelationsActs Activities ProcessesBelieve be hit eat becomeHate last jump run changeKnow contain kick swim flowLike have stab toss growUnderstand own strike work hardenWant correspond throw write learn Those verbs that denote stative concepts in English tend not to be used with progressive forms.Those verbs that are typically used with punctual aspect, describing momentary acts (kick, cough), take on a slightly different meaning when used in the progressive form. grammatic aspect The basic GRAMMATICAL distinction in English ASPECT is marked by two forms of the verb. These are traditionally described as versions of the verb be with the present participial (Verb+ ing) for the progressive, as in 20a, and versions of have with the past participle (Verb + -en/ed) for the perfect, as in 20b. 20. a. I am/was eating b. I have/had eaten Grammatical aspect Concept of situation Progressive viewed from the inside, in progress.Perfect viewed from the outside, in reminiscence. trust lexical and grammatical aspect Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect involve meaning Perfect + dynamic end activity remembranceively viewed Perfect + stative Pre-existing state retrospectively viewed. Progressive + dynamic ongoing activity internally viewed Progressive + stative Temporary state internally viewed The tense of the verb will that concerned meaning to the situation of utterance. Meaning components of verb formsI PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view I PRESENT HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING work very hard Time of utterance external view internal view dynamic activity in retrospect in progress(= at this time I look back at myself in an activity viewed internally as in progress You PAST HAVE+-EN/ED BE + -ING learn a l ot Remote from external view internal view dynamic processTime of i n retrospect in progress utterance (= at that I looked back at you in a process viewed internally as in progress). Meanings in contextThe distinction in tense between remote (past) and non remote (present) has a typical application in organization knowledge in confabulation. tuition that is treated as part of the mount will tend to be denotative in the past tense. Information that is of bran-new concern, in the FOREGROUND, will be expressed in the present tense. range mise en scene setting, particularly in stories, is often expressed in the past progressive. In records In less technical writing, a similar distinction can be well-kept between, present tense for presenting general statements and past tense for specific events. In narrative text, there can also be a general background versus cotton up effect associated with different tenses.There is no open-and-shut reason, in terms of narrating the events, why the share of two people should be described in the past tense and that of some other in the present. Within narratives that only use past tense, there is often a background contribution given to the past progressive and a foreground role for the simple past. In spoken discourse The speaker uses the past progressive for the sign background, or scene-setting, then shifts into the present tense to highlight the salient event in the story and her own internal reaction. Background and foreground information Background information past tense (Specific acts, events, old focus, settings) suck up information present tense (General statements, facts, new focus, changes).