KURT Function for Kurtosis in Excel

Kurtosis is a descriptive statistic that is not as well known as other descriptive statistics such as the mean and standard deviation. Descriptive statistics give some sort of summary information about a data set or distribution. As the mean is a measurement of the center of a data set and the standard deviation how spread out the data set is, kurtosis is a measurement of the thickness of the fails of a distribution. The formula for kurtosis can be somewhat tedious to use, as it involves several intermediate calculations. However, statistical software greatly speeds up the process of calculating kurtosis. We will see how to calculate kurtosis with Excel. Types of Kurtosis Before seeing how to calculate kurtosis with Excel, we will examine a few key definitions. If the kurtosis of a distribution is greater than that of a normal distribution, then it has positive excess kurtosis and is said to be leptokurtic. If a distribution has kurtosis that is less than a normal distribution, then it has negative excess kurtosis and is said to be platykurtic. Sometimes the words kurtosis and excess kurtosis are used interchangeably, so be sure to know which one of these calculations you want. Kurtosis in Excel With Excel it is very straightforward to calculate kurtosis. Performing the following steps streamlines the process of using the formula displayed above.   Excels kurtosis function calculates excess kurtosis. Enter the data values into cells.In a new cell type KURT(Highlight the cells where the data are at. Or type the range of cells containing the data.Make sure to close the parentheses by typing )Then press the enter key. The value in the cell is the excess kurtosis of the data set. For smaller data sets, there is an alternate strategy that will work: In an empty cell type KURT(Enter the data values, each separated by a comma.Close the parentheses with )Press the enter key. This method is not as preferable because the data are hidden within the function, and we cannot do other calculations, such as a standard deviation or mean, with the data that we have entered. Limitations It is also important to note that Excel is limited by the amount of data that the kurtosis function, KURT, can handle. The maximum number of data values that can be used with this function is 255. Due to the fact that the function contains the quantities (n - 1), (n - 2) and (n - 3) in the denominator of a fraction, we must have a data set of at least four values in order to use this Excel function. For data sets of size 1, 2 or 3, we would have a division by zero error. We also must have a nonzero standard deviation in order to avoid a division by zero error.

Investigating Alcoholic Fermentation and the Affects of...

Biology Lab Report Investigating Alcoholic Fermentation and the Affects of Yeast on Dough Aim: The aim was simply to investigate whether or not yeast had any affect on causing dough to rise when baked and to experiment with alcoholic fermentation eg. to see if it gave off carbon dioxide. Introduction: Following a few weeks of fermentation theory, groups of three to four were assigned and told to conduct a series of experiments involving the affects of fermentation. My group consisted of myself, Won Jin, Brendan and Sun-Ho and we chose to investigate alcoholic fermentation and the affects of yeast on dough, more specifically to see if yeast caused the dough to rise in anyway. We followed the instructions in our biology textbook on†¦show more content†¦Through the Test Tube, we hoped that the Carbon Dioxide given off would travel through the tube and turn the Lime Water (used as an indicator) into a milky colour. Without much surprise it did and we could conclude that the Yeast did give off Carbon Dioxide, much like our previous experiment (Carbon Dioxide given off by the Yeast causing the Dough to rise). Conclusion: From our results I can safely assume that my Hypothesis was correct for both experiments and I can now, for sure, say that Yeast does cause Dough to rise. Other than stating that obvious fact, not much can be said for the first experiment other than we proved Yeast is extremely important for making the Dough rise. Without the Yeast giving off Carbon Dioxide, the Dough wouldnt rise. It would also be good to note that the Doughs sticky material traps the Carbon Dioxide, causing the mound to rise. For our Alcoholic Fermentation experiment, once again, my Hypothesis was right on the mark. The Fermentation caused by the Yeast created heat, warming up the tube. Also it turns the sugar into Alcohol and simply smelling the Test Tube, after the experiment, can also prove this as Alcohol has a very distinctive smell, easily recognised. My third observation of this experiment showed that Carbon Dioxide was given off, turning the Lime Water milky. I cannot say IShow MoreRelatedHow Different Ph Levels Affect The Population Growth Of Yeast1180 Words   |  5 PagesThrough this lab, we were trying to solve the problem of how different pH levels affect the population growth of yeast, which was based on the mm of carbon dioxide produced. Through this, our independent variable was the pH level of solution added to the test tube of yeast and sugar. Our dependent variable was the mm of CO2 produced, indicating population growth. For this lab, the proper control was a test tube with the yeast and sugar but no pH solution added. This was useful to compare our data to

Renewable Energy free essay sample

Energy Today, many countries mainly developed nations are dependent on non-renewable energy sources such as fossil fuels (oil and coal) and nuclear power. People call these sources, non-renewable energy because they cannot be regenerated or replaced once it is used. These sources are sources that exist in a limited amount on earth. University of California College (2009) state that over 85% of the energy used in the world is from non-renewable supplies. Most of countries in this world need these sources of energy for industrialization. Many countries use non-renewable energy sources because they are very concentrated forms of energy. Nevertheless, non-renewable energy is bad for environment because it causes of pollution and can lead to global warming. We need renewable energy sources to help us continuing our lives and replace the non-renewable energy sources. Renewable energy is energy, which comes from natural resources, such as sunlight, rain, wind, and geothermal heat, which are renewable. Renewable energy is an environmental concern because it affects environment. It affect the environment by give some benefits to it. The benefits are it keeps the environment clean because the renewable sources produce little or no pollutions. A country with little pollutions will be more attractive to visit and if many people come to visit the country it will be good for its economy sector too. Renewable energy also prevents extinction of natural resources for our future generations. This renewable energy is affect human because it can create job opportunity for people and make people save more money because some of renewable energy such as sunlight and rain can used without people pay for it. It also affect human because people in a country with high use of renewable energy will be healthier because the country will only produce few pollutions. Less pollution will also lead a country to gain more prosperity for its nation. Some example of using renewable energy are when we drying our clothes on the clothesline in the wind or sun. Other example is using wind turbines to make electricity. Use of renewable energy has some advantages and disadvantages. The advantages by use renewable energy are we can use it without depleting it. It has no contribution to global warming and produces only little or no pollutions. Renewable energy causes people saving on health because if there are less pollution that means less sick people too. The disadvantages of using this energy are this renewable energy is difficult to produce large amount of electricity. For example is solar energy, which uses sun to produce the energy. If the location of collectors is large, more materials will need. It also limited to daytime and cloudy days. Nevertheless renewable energy still can produce pollutions. For example is wind turbines, they threaten the wild bird populations and very noisy to operate, which lead to noise pollution. What happens in Rotherham (a town in South Yorkshire, England) can be an example for the disadvantage possibility may happen by using wind turbines. The plans to use wind turbines to generate power for 10,000 homes in this town received many contra. The residents there oppose the plan because they are afraid that the turbine winds will damage the skyline. The use of renewable energy is also limited because they are not always available. For examples are cloudy days detain solar energy to operate, calm days have no wind blows to drive wind turbines and droughts cause limited availability of water to produce hydroelectricity. These are some energy that can consider as a renewable energy sources: 1. Solar Energy This is an energy that uses sun as a source. This energy can be used for lighting, heating and generating electricity. Solar energy can come directly and indirectly from the sun. For example: heat from the sun causes the wind to blow, it help trees to growth, and plays an important role in the cycle of evaporation. 2. Wind energy This energy is used for sail ships and drive wind turbines to generate electricity. 3. Hydropower This is an energy that uses water as a source. Water is a renewable resource, constantly recharge by the global cycle of evaporation and precipitation (Larry West 2010). Water is useful to generate electricity, such as to operate turbines and generators. Cunningham and Marry. (2008, page. 539) state that â€Å"Today American cities have some of the safest tap water in the world. Although many people are skeptical about their tap water, it is actually carefully monitored according to national safety standards, which is why water related epidemics are extremely rare in the United States despite concentrated urban populations. 4. Biomass Energy Materials that consider as biomass energy are wood, waste and hydrogen. This biomass energy can be used to produce electricity. 5. Geothermal Energy Geothermal energy is an energy that comes from heat inside the earth. This energy can be used to operate generators and produce electricity. There are two energy solutions. They are divided into two categories, which are energy conversation and energy efficiency. Energy conversation means using less energy. For example are switch off electricity when we do not use it and lowering speed while we drive. Berg and Hager (2009, pg. 462) state that â€Å"Energy efficiency is using less energy to accomplish a given task. † For example is measure in manufacture, such as fuel-efficient automobiles. Renewable energy is abundance on this earth, but still we have to use it wisely. Irresponsible behavior of human being towards environment can damage our earth. The impacts of what we did in the past or even today have not direct impacts that we can feel directly, but in the future.

Hamlet Act 3 Summary Essay Example For Students

Hamlet Act 3 Summary Essay I have continued to fool King Claudius, Gertrude, and the rest of the royal family. They still believe I am mad and this should help me to find out for sure if Claudius is indeed guilty or I have seen a devil ghost. When Ophilia came to me, saying she had some things to return, it enraged me. I told her that I had never loved her and that there are no male figures that will ever love a woman truly, but that they think only of themselves and are liars. Claudius has agreed to watch the play that I have so ingeniously changed to find his guilt. I reminded the players in the play to act natural in their parts and not to over emphasize things. Horatio has agreed to watch Claudius as the play advances and help me determine his guilt. Ophilia was full of questions during the dumb-show and I had to assure her that it will be explained later. The time comes, when the players shall act my new parts. Claudius jumps up and tells them to stop the play and turn on the lights. He acts as though he is appalled and completely confirms his guilt! Now, I feel that I should kill my mother, as she is requesting me. But I shall not, I shall do as my fathers spirit has told me and leave her for her conscience. I went to Claudius room, yet I could not bring myself to harm him-not yet. Later, when I went to my mothers room, I killed Polonius. It was not on purpose, I had thought that it might be Claudius hiding behind the curtain thing. Oh, how I hate my mother; for what she has done to me, to this country, and to herself! I have vowed that if I do get sent to London, that I shall also kill my companions, for they are evil as well.