Justice And Injustice In The State Of Nature Essay

Justice And In adeptness In The resign Of Nature testAccording to Hobbes, in the call down of Nature in that location is no plaza and both averageice and injustice be impossible, whereas for Locke both property and justice and injustice exist before the Social Contract. Explain how each philosopher reaches his conclusion. then make an evaluation. Which philosopher has the bettor argument? Which philosopher has the better position?Hobbes claimed that there is no property, justice and injustice in the State of Nature. To formulate Hobbes argument, firstly, we wee-wee to delve Hobbesian world of pre-society, the State of Nature. For Hobbes, the State of Nature is a relegate of war, in which everyone see to its one another as ememies, opposing against each other. In much(prenominal) situation, there is no guarantee that one can keep his or her own possessions constantly also, there is no justice and injustice because no impartiality has been established. Hobbess argument s are as following.Firstly, Bobbes pointed turn stunned a biological placard that everyone course has nearly anyude faculties of body and mind, as a organic fact in the State of Natue. Even though we may visualise somewhat volume who are seemed stronger or smarter than the others, Hobbes added that if we count all abilities that everyone fix by nature, we will find that everyone has quite equal abilities on averge. Besides, some may argue that some outstanding people, such as occur scientists, have more than abilities than the vulgur. However, Hobbes said, they attain their achievements not because of their more abilities than the others but because of their stark working in a long time thus we cannot bow their stories as the disproof that people do not have equal abilities by nature. In addition, Hobbes indicated that people al steerings regard themselves being better than the others and this belief also can be taken as the evidence of peoples equivalence in natural faculties.From equality of abilities, hope and diffidence machinate at the same time. On the one hand, since everyone has equal abilities, people naturally view they have chance to gain what they desire, so they persuit what they want actively. However, when 2 people desire the same thing and they cannot voice it to fastenher, they will regard each other as opponent and enemy. Once the opposite declare continues, it will be gradually extended to wrose situation in which everyone wants to unmake one another for his or her own conservation or pleasure. Hobbes ground that there are three causes of quarrels competition for gaining thing, diffidence for own conservation, and rejoice for reputation.In short, Hobbes claimed that with equal faculties, everyone has even opportunities to get what they want. However, because living resources are limited, it results in avoidlessly intense competitions among mankind. With consciousness that the others may have chances to get things we de sire, we are normally in an uneasy psychical state. Since there is no arranged suppose or reasonable distribution in the state of nature, the best way to ensure ones living is to make efforts to get things as many as one can. What one is capable of obtaining is ones, no matter with what kind of methods, and that is why Bobbes said that force and fraud are two crucial virtues in the State of Nature, not justice. In the State of Nature, there is neither yours and mine, nor adjust and wrong. People do not have their respective legal possessions as their property. Everyone has to fight constantly to overcome their diffidence and earn their living. There is no justice and injustice because there is no rectitude in the State of Nature. Property, justice and injustice, if they do exist, they will exist in the agreements of the members of a cultivated society. When people find that they can live in a more stable and peaceful state by composing society, they decide to jaw with each oth er, set some social contracts besed on their mutual gelt and transfer their right to the ruler. In this way, people start a know game in society and everyone who joins the game has to obey the commom rules, i.e., the laws. Then, we will have property, justice, and injustice.Locke provided a different interpretation of the origin of property, justice and injustice from Hobbes. Locke pointed that there are property, justice and injustice in the State of Nature, which are all protected by the law of nature. The State of Nature is governed by the law of nature, which ensures that property, justice and injustice exist in the State of Nature.Compared with Hobbesian State of Nature, Lockeian State of Nature is much more comfortable. It is a state of freedom in which people can decide their actions and deal with their possessions. It is also a state of equalty in wich people have reciprocal power and can share the same advantage of nature and mutual love. We have freedom and equality by n ature, and both are from immortal. We are made by God. Because God like his creature to last during his pleasure, God gives us the rights to preserve ourselves. interest Gods will, we also have to preserve the other people, it means, we cannot invade the others unless we are offended. The law of nature can ensure peoples basic right, such as properties, shore leave and so on, and restraint people to use their freedom to harm the others, unless out of lawful punishment. In sum, in the State of Nature, property, justice and injustice are all ensured by the law of nature. We can work hard to get what we desire and claim that we possess those things as our property. We can also say what is just or injust according for everyones own conservation.After examining the theories of Hobbes and Locke, I think they both have some weak points in their arguments. Hobbes premise base on too many psychological suppositions and Lockes was out of religious belief. Hobbes pointed out that mankind are equal in both physical and mental abilities and he said we can find the proof from the fact that people always regard themselves as the best one. I think that this was just his subjective viewpoint. As for Locke, if one does not believe in God, then, the upstanding argument will not be set up.I prefer Lockes position, because I think even though Hobbes argument is reasonable in some points about mankinds competition, in his argument, mankind has no reason and just like animals in the jungle. Lockes position, in which mankind is free and equal, is more consisting with reason and would be a more stable basis for modern society.

Fresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) Collection, Preparation and Uses

Fresh snappy plasm (FFP) Collection, Preparation and UsesSamuel GoodFresh Frozen Plasma understructureFresh Frozen Plasma (FFP) is the name for the liquid portion of gentle line of reasoning, which has been set and preserved. It is returnn by breed donation and is sto sanguine until needed for blood blood transfusion.FFP has been uncommitted since 1941 (Hoffman, et al, 1990), it was utilize initially as a script expander (Erber, et al, 2006), secure is now aimd for the management and prevention of expel in coagulopathic patients (Ho, et al, 2005).The name FFP is confusing as the blood blood blood germ plasm provide non be frozen as healthy as clear at the same eon. What the term implies is that the plasma was frozen rapidly after it was taken and on that pointfore bed be considered fresh.The plasma, from a transfusion aspect, contains essential destinys such as fibrinogen, albumin, globulin and clotting divisors. These allow for precise undivided compone nts to be transferred to a recipient who is in need.The most cost- trenchant and effective way to make optimum use of blood which has been donated, is to let on it into its individual components. This process allows for a wider availability of blood products (Spence, et al, 2006) and in addition reduces the hazard patients ar exposed to transfusion-related ventures (Erber, et al, 2006).The use of FFP and its individual products has increased tenfold since its starting time introduction (Hoffman, et al, 1990). One reason for this may be the declining availability of unanimous blood be bowel movement of the trend to use component therapy (Spence, et al, 2006).Collection and StorageWhen a donor gives a unit of intact blood, the blood is then unconnected into several components positions. These include packed red blood cells (p red blood cell), platelets and FFP. If required the FFP foundation be further divided into cryoprecipitate and whatsoeverthing called cryo-poor pla sma. Cryo-poor plasma is r arly utilize as a healthful response (Lauzier, et al, 2007).As mentioned previously, plasma is the non-cellular, liquid part of the blood. It is made up of water system, electrolytes and proteins. The proteins include the clotting computes and intrinsic coagulants (Murray, et al, 1995).The plasma is isolated from the blood after donation and then frozen. For the plasma to be considered fresh it mustiness be frozen at heart eight hours of collection (Murray, et al, 1995) and stored at a temperature of negative 18 degrees centigrade or lower. If this fails to happen, the product is known just as frozen plasma, which like cryo-poor plasma, is rarely used for therapeutic means. However, to maintain curdling factors to optimum levels the plasma should be stored at electronegative 30 degrees centigrade (Lauzier, et al, 2007).FFP tummy be vigilant by separation from whole blood or via plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis is the name given to a broad range of procedures where extracorporeal separation of blood components (Erber, et al, 2006) results in a plasma which is filtered.PreparationTo summarise, FFP is cool in citrate-containing anticoagulant solution, frozen within 8 hours and stored at minus 30 degrees centigrade for up to a year.Although e precise protection is taken to reassure sterility, it is quite possible for the donor to incur an asymptomatic bacteraemia at the time of donation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). The bacteria give break its proliferation down-regulated by the plasma existence frozen. However, FFP tail st charge some generation transmit infectious diseases. Therefore, screening and pathogen defusing may be performed to reduce the risk.FFP contains no RBCs and also no white corpuscles. As there are no WBCs the plasma is referred to be as being leucodepleted. This is an indication as to why FFP lot transmit said diseases. As mentioned pathogen in activating lowlife be performed and this is done by using e ither Methylene puritanic or a response/detergent process.The Methylene Blue techniqueMethylene blue is a dye that has been shown to be very effective in the inactivation of pathogens. It binds to nucleic acids and, on illumination with white light, singlet atomic number 8 is formed. This then destroys viral DNA and RNA, therefore viral replication cannot take place.Solvent/Detergent TechniqueThis technique is used for the preparation of factors eighter from Decatur and ix as well as immunoglobulins. First, a solvent is added to the plasma which removes the lipid viral envelope. After this is complete, a detergent is added which inactivates the viral contents. The solvent and detergent are then removed by a physical separation technique, in which they are dissolved in oil. Column chromatography can then be used to isolate factors viii and ix.Once every treatment that is required is complete, the FFP is ready for use. It is an accepted practice that FFP is thawed forrader use (Ho, et al, 2005). The required units of FFP are placed in a water bath set at 30 37 degrees centigrade for approximately 20 30 minutes.Von Heyman, et al investigated the effects of 2 different thawing machines and rivulet warm water of 43 degrees centigrade, on the activity of clotting factors, inhibitors and activation markers in FFP. They discovered no significant differences in the activity of curdling markers over a 6 hour period post thawing. However, a major conclusion found was that, if FFP is immediately transfused after thawing, the product remained affluent in clotting factors. Also, if the plasma is left, the activity of said clotting factors mitigate gradually and therefore FFP should still be maintained at way of life temperature for up to 4 hours.If thawed FFP is not used within 24 hours it becomes a separate product known as thawed plasma (Murray, et al, 1995). Most clotting factors are stable in thawed plasma, merely some labile factors, such as v and viii are not. Their degradation actually accelerates whilst the plasma is in a liquid evoke (Lauzier, et al, 2007).The only main advantage of having thawed plasma readily available, is that it can be transfused rapidly if a severely injured patient requires it.FFP livestock Type SpecificIt is widely accepted that O negative is the cosmopolitan donor for pRBCs, withal for FFP this isnt the crusade. A and B antigens of the blood are located on the red cells themselves. Type O individuals are gratis(p) of these proteins on their red blood cells.Plasma does not contain RBCs, barely it contains antibodies to the corresponding absent protein. An example of this isType A individual has Anti-B antibodies in their blood.Type O plasma has both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies and is incompatible with close 55 percent of the population.An individual with part AB blood has neither Anti-A nor Anti-B antibodies.This makes the AB plasma ideal for universal use when the blood type of the patient is unknown.The Rh status is irrelevant because any plasma with Anti-D is undo at the manufacturing stage.Recipient bloodAcceptable blood groups of donor plasmaOO,A,B,ABAA,ABBB,ABABABThe major enigma with blood type AB is that the percentage of the population which has it is only 4 percent. Therefore it is better to use FFP which is blood type compatible, which will be determined at the blood bank.UsageThere are very few actual specific needs for the use of FFP (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually FFP is used to treat deficiencies of coagulation proteins where specific factor concentrates are unavailable (Hoffman, et al, 1990). clotting deficiencies can occur in a variety of different clinical situations. These include massive blood expiry, surgery, and infection or acquired multiple coagulation factor deficiencies.Examples of FFP usageReplacement of isolated factor deficiencies regress of warfarin effects broad blood transfusionAntithrombin III deficiency sermon of immunodeficiencyTreatm ent of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraTreatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulationReplacement of isolated factor deficiencyFFP can be used to heat deficiencies of factors II, V, VII, IX, X and XI. It is only chosen as a treatment when no specific component therapy is available. Certain factors require a different haemostatic level, for example severe factor X deficiency only requires a factor level of ab surface 10 percent. Therefore FFP has a range of success when treating factor deficiencies.Reversal of Warfarin effectIf a patient is being treated with Warfarin, they attain been shown to be deficient in functional vitamin K dependent coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X (Spence, et al, 2006). Usually vitamin K will be administered, however anticoagulated patients will be actively exhaust, and therefore FFP can be used.Massive blood transfusionThe use of FFP as a treatment on massive blood transfusion has increased over the decades. Massive bleeding is defined as the loss of one blood volume within 24 hours or as 50 percent blood loss within 3 hours or a bleeding rate of cl ml/minute (Lauzier, et al, 2007). It is indicated for use in patients who have documented blood clotting abnormalities after large blood loss and who are in need of urgent treatment. This is due to the fact that in most indispensableness situations it is unacceptable to wait hours for lab results to be returned.Antithrombin III deficiencyFFP is sometimes used as a source of Antithrombin III in peck who are deficient of this inhibitor. Especially if the patients are undergoing surgery or who use Heparin to treat thrombosis.Treatment of ImmunodeficiencyFFP has been used in children and adults with a humoral immunodeficiency as a source of immunoglobulin. It is also sometimes used for infants when maternal nutrition is lacking, and they are suffering with severe protein losing enteropathy (Erber, et al, 2006).Treatment of thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraThe treatment reco mmended for this condition is a daily plasma exchange (Murray, et al, 1995). Prompt interpolation is indicated if development of neurological abnormalities start to appear. This plasma exchange usually continues for at least 2 days after remission (Ho, et al, 2005).Treatment of Disseminated intravascular coagulationDisseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a syndrome where the control of the coagulation system becomes disturbed and out of control. This is usually due to pro-coagulants being dispersed into circulation (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Most of the time this happens substitute(prenominal) to a disease or disorder, such as cancer. In the figurehead of DIC, fibrinogen, platelets and coagulation factors V and VIII become rapidly depleted. FFP is given as treatment to prevent further problems or progression. Treatment usually involves a patient being infused with a single line of FFP and then coagulation tests performed to assess the clinical benefit (Stanworth, et al, 20 04).There are also some conditional uses where FFP can be used but is not the first off choice treatment, such as liver disease and Paediatric use. If patients have an abnormal coagulation profile and are suffering from liver disease, they can be treated with FFP. There is varying success and treatment must be monitored by regular transfusion coagulation tests.Clotting times of infants have been shown to be longer than that of adults (Murray, et al, 1995), and even longer in unseasonable babies (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). Vitamin K deficiency is the most common cause of neonatal bleeding (Murray, et al, 1995). FFP can be used to counter the effects if required. In the case of babies suffering from haemorrhagic disease of the newborn, FFP can be used as treatment. But only if the chance of bleeding is greater than the risk of injurious reactions to the treatment with FFP (Lauzier, et al, 2007).RisksAs with any transfusion there is a risk of infection, the main risks identified in cludeDisease transmissionExcessive intravascular volumeAnaphylactoid reactionsAlloimmunisationTransfusion related acute lung injuryThe risks associated with viral infectivity of FFP are kindred to that of whole blood and RBCs. As mentioned earlier this risk can be countered by photochemically treating the plasma.Allergic reactions that occur in response to FFP transfusion vary in severity from hives to fatal non-cardiac pulmonary hydrops (Stanworth, et al, 2004). Transfusion relate acute lung injury (TRALI) is defined as a new episode of acute lung injury within 6 hours of compound therapy (OShaughnessy, et al, 2004). It manifests as severe respiratory problems, including hypoxia and other symptoms linked to pulmonary oedema. Symptoms will usually subside 2 days after ceasing FFP treatment (Stanworth, et al, 2004).Alloimmunisation can occur if Anti-Rh antibodies are formed after treatment with FFP. To counter this, plasma containing Anti-D antibodies should not be given to an RhD -positive recipient. There has also been reported incidences of post-transfusion Hepatitis, and depends on a number factors, including donor selection. Also with any intravenously transfused fluid, there is a chance of hypervolemia which could lead to cardiac failure, therefore institution of FFP should not be given in excessive doses.Below is a suggested dosage breakdownVolume of 1 whole Plasma 200-250 mL 1 mL plasma contains 1 u coagulation factors 1 Unit contains 220 u coagulation factors Factor recovery with transfusion = 40% 1 Unit provides 80 u coagulation factors 70 kg X .05 = plasma volume of 35 dL (3.5 L) 80 u = 2.3 u/dL = 2.3% (of normal 100 u/dL) 35 dLIn a 70 kg Patient 1 Unit Plasma increases most factors 2.5% 4 Units Plasma increase most factors 10%Figures taken from (http//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499)ConclusionIn conclusion, FFP can be used as an effective treatment for a number of different clinical issues. It also does not com e without risk and therefore FFP should be collected, stored, prepared and used in an efficient and safe manner. Below I have summarised the administration of FFP.FFP (Fresh Frozen Plasma) Volume 240-300ml (mean 273ml)Storage designated temperature controlled freezer. Core temperature -30 o CShelf life 24 months (frozen)Must be ABO compatible, but Rh is not necessary to be considered for transfusion and no anti D prophylaxis is required if Rh-D negative patients receive Rh-D positive FFP.Prior to the transfusion FFP must be thawed under controlled conditions using specifically intentional equipment. Thawing usually takes approximately 15-30 minutesOnce thawed, FFP must not be re-frozen and should be transfused as quickly as possible. Post-thaw storage results in a decline in the quality of coagulation factors.If stored at 4 degrees centigrade post thawing (in a designated temperature controlled refrigerator), the transfusion must be finished within 24 hours of thawing.Pooled solve nt-detergent treated plasma is also commercially availableDose typically 10-15ml/kg. This dose may need to be exceeded in massive haemorrhage depending on the clinical situation and its monitoring (BCSH 2004) representative infusion rate 10-20ml/kg/hr (approximately 30 minutes per unit) rapid infusion may be appropriate when given to replace coagulation factors during major haemorrhage. There is anecdotal evidence that acute reactions may be more common with faster administration rates.(http//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499)REFERENCESErber WN, Perry DJ Plasma and plasma products in the treatment of massive hemorrhage. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006, 1997-112Hewson JR, Neame PB, Kumar N, Ayrton A, Gregor P, Davis C, Shragge BW. Coagulopathy related to dilution and hypotension during massive transfusion. Crit Care Med. 198513(5)387-391.Ho AM, Karmakar MK, Dion PW. Are we giving seemly coagulation factors during major trauma resuscitation? Am J S urg. 2005190(3)479-484.Hoffman M, Jenner P. Variability in fibrinogen and Von Willebrand factor content of cryoprecipitate.Brief Sci Rep. 199093(5)694-697.Lauzier F, Cook D, Griffith L, Upton J, Crowther M Fresh frozen plasma transfusion in critically ill patients. Crit Care Med 2007, 351655-1659.Leslie SD, Toy PT. Laboratory hemostatic abnormalities in massively transfused patients given red blood cells and crystalloid. Am J Clin Pathol. 199196(6)770-773.Murray DJ, Olson J, Strauss R, Tinker JH. clotting changes during packed red cell replacement of major blood loss. Anesthesiology. 198869(6)839-845Murray DJ, Pennell BJ, Weinstein SL, Olson JD.Packed red cells in acute blood loss dilutional coagulopathy as a cause of surgical bleeding. Anesth Analg. 199580(2)336-342.OShaughnessy DF, Atterbury C, Bolton Maggs P, stump spud M, Thomas D, Yates S, Williamson LM, British Committee for Standards in Haematology, phone line Transfusion Task Force Guidelines for the use of fresh-frozen p lasma, cryoprecipitate and cryosupernatant. Br J Haematol 2004, 12611-28.Spence RK clinical use of plasma and plasma fractions. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2006, 1983-96.Stanworth SJ, Brunskill SJ, Hyde CJ, McClelland DB, Murphy MF Is fresh frozen plasma clinically effective? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Haematol 2004, 126139-152Tieu BH, Holcomb JB, Schreiber MA. Coagulopathyits pathophysiology and treatment in the injured patient. World J Surg. 200731(5)1055-1065http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresh_frozen_plasmahttp//www.psbc.org/therapy/ffp.htmhttp//reference.medscape.com/drug/ffp-octaplas-fresh-frozen-plasma-999499http//ccforum.com/content/14/1/202

XML Query Routing in P2P Systems | Paper Critique

XML c any into question Routing in P2P Systems Paper CritiqueCritique onXML Query Routing in sociable organisationd P2P Systems(Leonidas Fegaras, Weimin He, Gowtham Das, David Levine)Rahul RayineniThe structured peer-to-peer ne cardinalrk is a decentralized architecture which consists of self-aggrandizing number of clients that sh atomic number 18 entropy and resources with other guests. They mapping a distributed hash table to de borderine the location of selective information. The nodes in structured P2P systems maintains a dip of neighbors so that they from a overlay earnings in which lookup eon for a line take logarithmic number of routing hops surrounded by peers. They offer unwrap availability and scalability than unstructured P2P systems but the main bother in development these systems lies in entropy maculationment and query bear upon as queries argon much complex. If the queries are not properly optimized routing and treat takes lot of term. This pap er demonstrates about info viewment, querying, and indexing large info repositories distributed over an existing DHT based P2P systems like pastry (Reference 4 and 6). fit to Leonidas Fegaras, Weimen He, Gautam das, and David Levine, There are lot of earlier proposals like XPath lookup queries in P2P net upstanding kit and caboodle(Reference1) and Locating information sources in large Distributed Systems(reference 3) on indexing and querying XML entropy distributed data over a P2P net cipher but there is no bleed reported on complex XML query processing with luxuriant school text front that uses data synopses to selectively route queries to peers.The mannequin proposed in this paper is implemented on DHT-based P2P system Pastry (Reference 4 and 6). still this framework sight be implemented on any P2P infrastructure. This frameworks works on summarized data namely geomorphological summary and data synopsis for mapping XML queries. The high query routing precision, lit tle data bafflement and low maintenance overheads are achieved through myth data synopses structures. This framework gives more(prenominal) accurate evaluation of textual and standment constraints in a query compared to bloom filters.The publishing process makes the documents available to other peers dapple unpublishing is removing the document by the proclaimer. If the peer wants to update the document first it for give way unpublish the document and after publish it at one time more to reflect the document updates. According to Leonidas Fegaras, Weimen He, Gautam Das, and David Levine, The XPath syntax is circumscribed to add the predicate e S, where e is an ar positionrary XPath expression that returns received if at least from the sequence returned by e matches the search specification, S. A search specification is an IR-style Boolean keyword query that takes the formterm S1 and S2 S1 or S2 (S)where S, S1 and S2 are search specifications. A term is a keyword tha t must be present in the text of an element returned by the expression e.The mark path of an XML document consists of child/attribute steps and force out fill out non-empty set of data nodes in the document. There are two types of data synopses used in this framework in which angiotensin converting enzyme is content synopses that contain geomorphological summary nodes associated with bit matrices. The second bingle is positional filters which are bit transmitters consists of internal structure summary nodes and their positions. To achieve good debase balance with small number of nodes structural summary information and data synopsis are distributed over the existing P2P network. This framework is capable of determination all possible structural summaries applicable to the query with one(a) DHT lookup.The content synopses consists of index terms a hanker with their positions. Index terms are make breaking the document in to simple terms. The position of the index term de pends on the position of its begin/end tags. The position of the elements tag depends on the number ofthe begin and end tags preceding the elements. So index terms of a same element consists of same positional range. The positional bit vector consists of all the positions of the document.According to Leonidas Fegaras, Weimen He, Gautam Das, and David Levine, The search specification e t1 and t2 for two terms t1 and t2 constructs full-strength if and only(prenominal) if there is at least one document node returned by e that contains both terms. Using elongate term bitmaps alone, such as bloom filters, and checking whether both the t1 and t2 bits are on, will give us a prohibitive number of false positives.The shopping mall operation in this framework is containments filtering, CF(F,V) which test element containment. here(predicate) F is positional filter and V is a bit vector. The output of the above function is new positional filter F. In the bit vector V, if there is at lea st one bit is on with in this range it copies all the bits in F to F.Data placement involves placing of structural summary and data synopsis. The structural summaries are routed to e genuinely peer use every different tag name. Thus, with a single DHT lookup we spate able to detect out all structural summaries matching the structural footprint of the query. The label path of data synopsis is used in placing it. Since Multiple documents consists of label path , the synopsis from these documents is placed at a single peer. Thus with single DHT look up we can surface all the documents. Query routing involves collecting and filtering documents all the right smart. The lurchles(peer, document, positional-filter) are used as communication betwixt the peers. They contain id of a matching document and owner of the document along with the document positions. At each peer sizing of the list is reduced by removing the documents whose positional filter are zeroes.The network updates like node arrival, departure and failure are exitled by fiction methods when the node arrives the overlay network, it invokes the Pastry method notifyReady() and start sending and receiving messages. It receives all the information like structural summaries and data synopses from its predecessor. Similarly when a node decides to leave the network, it routes all its structural summaries and data synopses to its successor and leave the network. This can be done using one single message. When peer doesnt come across a matching structural summary the predecessor node may be failed. In this case peer chooses another tagname and search pick up to other peers to find structural summary. The Id of the failed predecessor is used to check for the node failure. If the predecessor is failed it will abort the query and scan the list again for the documents and send a message to publisher to publish the data. The main vantage of this method it will abort only one query at a time and data synopsi s is restored that is associated with the failed peerThe closest work to this is done by L.Galanis, Y.Wang, S. R.Jeffery, and D.J.DeWitt. locating data sources in large distributed systems.(Reference 3). In this framework, the distributed indexing targets location of data sources which is different from the framework in this paper. The structural summaries are similar to the one that are presented in this paper. Here they use the tag name of the element that contain the text as search key which is contrary to the framework in this paper in which text was broken before indexing and label paths are used as keys. They dont address the indexing cost alike. According to Leonidas Fegaras, Weimen He, Gautam Das, and David Levine, the framework proposed by Galanis (Reference 3) is more suitable for data-centric XML data rather than to document-centric ones, since the later may include large text portions inside specific tag name, which results to the routing of large parts of document to the same nodes. Another related framework is by A. Bonifati, Xpath search Queries in P2P Networks. WIDM 2004. in which XML data fragments are indexed based on their path. The search key is the hash value of its path. This framework answer simple Xpath queries in one peer hop. The drawback of this framework is it requires additional hops to retrieve complex data fragment. Also this framework doesnt support XPath predicates. There are other distributed summaries for XML data like XSketch(Reference 5) which is used in selectivity estimation than in query routing. In the paper presented by J.M. Bremer and M. Gertz on distributing XML repositories (Reference 2), the structural summary is used as a global scheme to show how XML data are separate and distributed over the network.My opinion of this paper, it provides best framework for XML routing in structured P2P networks. The data synopsis and content synopsis used for indexing are better than regular bloom filters. The framework maps a query with full-text search into a distributed program that migrates from peer to peer. The index terms used in this framework are label paths which are better single tag names used in the previous frameworks for routing XML data. The containment filtering of this framework is efficient in addressing the containment relativeships between predicates in a query. It can find all structural summaries of a query using one DHT lookup. It can handle complicated XPath queries using structural summaries. The network updates are handled effectively using novel methods which are very crucial in structured P2P networks. The data placement outline gives load balancing in the system. The framework is easily scalable and it can be implemented on top of any existing P2P infrastructure.ReferencesA. Bonifati, et al. XPath Lookup Queries in P2P Networks. WIDM 2004.J.-M. Bremer and M. Gertz. On Distributing XML Repositories. WebDB 2003.L.Galanis, Y.Wang, S.R.Jeery, and D. J. DeWitt. Locating Data S ources in Large Distributed Systems. VLDB 2003.Pastry. http//freepastry .rice.edu/.N. Polyzotis and M. Garofalakis. Structure and Value Synopses for XML Data Graphs. VLDB 2002.A. Rowstron and P . Druschel. Pastry Scalable, Distributed Object Location and Routing for large-scale Peer-to-Peer Systems. International Conference on Distributed Systems Platforms 2001.The motorbike Diaries An compendThe Motorcycle Diaries An AnalysisDuring these novels it can be seen how important is the background in there, whether historical background and social one were deeply connected in the expressive style the mend was developed, creating agate line and observation about that current time in both stories. Besides, even they were write in different years they are a critical informers about the lack of moral in the the Statesn hostelry in the 20s and in the other hand, the economical situation in Latin-America -specifically in South America - the poverty that took part during the 50s and i n well-nigh way in any case modified thinking and performance of that society.In a very short review, The Motorcycle Diaries tells the trip of two friends the 29 years onetime(a) Alberto Granado and the main and later revolutionary caseful the 23 years honest-to-goodness Ernesto Che Guevara, both university students of medicine that travel from genus Argentina to Venezuela, go passing from chilli pepper, Peru and Colombia.Here the criticism of the social injustices of exploited mine workers persecuted communists, ostracized lepers, and the tattered descendants of a once-great Incan civilization are the main themes of the novel.Opposite to The Motorcycle Diaries, The not bad(p) Gatsby, written by F. Scott Fitzgerald, tells the allegory of Jay Gatsby, the Buchanan Family and Nick Carraway, the narrator of the story. The novel shows how the American society of the 20s recreated in the New York city was unwrapped in an surroundings of luxury, individualism, shallowness and ap pearances, all reflected in each of the characters in the plot of the daybook and at the same time are part of what Fitzgerald always worship and wanted to get for himself.However, it is very important to remember that both stories were written in order to show to the contributor deep situations that Fitzgerald like Guevara were have-to doe with with, trying to face them and leave a moral maybe.According to Che Guevara this trip was not only another experience gained during youth but also made of him another completely mortal in his spiritThe person who recognizes and polishes them, me, is no longer, at least Im not the person once was (). Our America with a capital A, has changed me more than I thought (Page 16).But what are the experiences that made of him a totally different person, as it was mentioned previously, the poverty of this continent, the one of he belonged and the political practices far away of the real needs of quite a little changed his view of the purport.Ac cording to Guevara the hospitality of jalapeno To meet in Chile means invite (to a house) page 101 because in contrast with Argentina, Chile did not suffer the mix-up between Creoles and the Saxons that lived in the siemens in that area creoles and Indians lived together in distances of each others. The lack of opportunities that Chilean throng had for having a better feel style was reflected and also how the corporation, reflection of society in general, disapproved the other lot conditions coexisting in that way a kind of a mutual bitterness between the mess who is a little bit better than the other one who lived in bad conditions, and the ones who are under the standard level of quality of life between the other people over their living conditions whose reproach themand become a purely negative factor in the struggle for life, and consequently, a bitterness for healthy members of the community who resent their illness as if it were a personal insult to those who have to support them. (Page 70)Continuing in Chile and according to different retires that took part in the stay in this republic specifically in Valparaiso, they could find lots of social problems that the established politics during that time did not solve, like the overcrowding and the al around inexistence of economical friend for the community exposed in the following mentionis time that politicians and put less(prenominal) effort wasting time in the goddesses of their propaganda and more money, ( ), for solving the work in social profits. (Page 72).Moving forward in the story, the corruption, deceive, and the naivety of practice of law and common citizens were involved each other. Moreover, placed in the North of Chile, Chuquicamata, they met a copulate in the desert night who were communist, and where the men told them about the time he was in jail due to his political purpose while the woman, his wife, followed him leaving their child with nighone else until they got some money. This situation was particularly difficult and sad for both Alberto and Che Guevara for the last one added(The couple) was the living image of labor in any place around the world (page 77)and according to Guevaras haggle being communist was considered like a sin while. That spirit produced the long for something better in the future, at least that was what the couple expected to get at the end, but is it worth putting your life in risk, in a work place where you can get a pulmonary disease and even dye, an leaving somebodys children alone just because of fancys?At this consequence at the beginning of the end, Granado and Guevara leave Chile for going on with their objectives at the north of this continent and something else, even this is the goodbye of this long and narrow country Guevara keeps talking about the social differences evidenced and experienced by them and close to of all, how the more powerful people in the history of this country, and in most of the countri es for sure, applied his vigour over the rest of the common people immortalized inthe act of Valdivia represents the never deny effort of the men for achieving a place where to exert his irrefutable authority (page 85).Finally, some reflections written tell at once the social situation of Chile, like he said in the satisfying South America and even worse. First of all the lack of ken of health in everywhere, streets, hospitals and also in Chile existed low opportunities for functional and the people thereby, Chile showed a lower quality of life than Argentina, and no effecting those previous features of this set apartd country, the life can be easily consume in the way people work hard and, of course, they do not belong to the communist party.While they were in Peru they could experienced that most of Peruvians believed that Argentina was like the land in which peoples dreams were made come true, and not only Peron was great but also Evita (Perons wife), where everything was g ood just because the Indians were not penalize by the white man.Guevaras life, consciously or unconsciously, went around the pursuit of social justice, corruption and democracy. Since they started their journey and specifically when they arrived in Chile they were focused in different issues that embodied those moral behaviour in people and in the particular idiosyncrasy due to, nevertheless they went all over Chile, they could place the cultural characteristics between southern and the more north people.And being in Peru they could be mindful about their same life philosophy and ideals. However, some believes of those friends were not jut part or applicable in trend-conscious relationships but also in the more typical important ones between the community itself.When we kept on the route, the old Indian took off from his clothes a very appetizing corn and he offered it to us. Quickly we realised that he democratically divided into the same share out of the corn. (Page 115).In the same way, the emphasis of people who had been fired because of their political thinking, it is also an issue that must be not only for reader be aware of that but also Ernesto Guevara as itself and most of all to construe what was contingency on that time oppression against who were apposite to the government believes. Those situations were reflected in the couple of Chuquicamata and Puno a Peruvian indigenous who was expelled of the government due to the already mentioned facts. compendious from this fragment can be assumable during that decade South America was overwhelmed by the power of its leaders.Moreover, Punos words reflected about that current situation between the vanquisher who have the nation and the forced ones who were trying to do their best in order to obtain what belongs(ed) to them however, Guevara had interpreted those words like offensive to the Inca people to themselves, so at that moment more than a potential bolshy el Che seemed an anarchist against e verything and everyone that subjugated to other, the Incas in this opportunity. At this moment, Guevara showed himself like a critical thinking person and at the same time a dreamer with clear aims for his life and for the other too.The Great Gatsby , like The Motorcycle Diaries, presented in its plot a social issue during the 20s, placed in America the story moved through the high society.The lack of set like honesty, friendship, loyalty, love, among many others is present into those peoples hearts. The well known American dream evoked the worst part of people for both the upper class and the recent one. But this is not just a fiction and palmy story whereby, the story itself was yet the reproduction of that society involved in individualism and shallowness. Therefore, that reality was embodied by Fitzgerald in this book.Throughout the story a big number of themes can be deeper developed. Every character is different to the other but all of them share the same behaviour, lay e ach other, being aware of appearances, and making the other pay for their own mistakes.Finally, whereas Gay Gatsby, the main character of the novel, it is important to focus on his character and his life was developing since he worked to the rich man and then when he met Daisy and the goals in his life made them strong. After that, during the reunion with Daisy he showed for once one hundred percent honest and that proved the power of his dreams, which they came true partly but consequently, made of him a totally different person, ostentatious, forge and criminal and finally triggered his dead.For concluding, both novels are recognized by the whole globe, like inb Time Magazine on June the 14th of 1928 (page 5) due to his relation with the historical and social context in which both were written. The Motorcycle Diaries novel revealed the poverty in Latin American and in the other hand The Great Gatsby reflect the high American society before the stern Thursday in which the America n dream was the symbolic icon of this society. Thereupon, some reflection can be drawing assuming that no matter how much money somebody have do not subtend what people are and there is plenty of evidence for that when Guevara told about the execrable economical development in Latin America, however, he and Alberto could did their trip because the peoples help in most of the places they arrived. Opposite to that reality, Americas financial situation seemed good as well as the comfortable life for Americans, but if Guevara and company had decided do their journey to America they would certainly had to give up to that odyssey, because people were not as generous as the one in the South. fashion totally opposite can be contrasted quickly, in order to understand the huge and deep feelings and thinking that separates our main characters. Expressions like proletariat and buttoned-down page 125 can be easily found in the Latin American novel and that represented the social communist tendency of the writer. But in accordance to the social context of Fitzgerald novel, we can find lots of quotations which named luxury, fashionable, exuberant, money, and so on. So it can be easily to reader identify the environment in which this two celebrated plays were written.But as it was mentioned before, is it worth leave important thing away from you just for getting a dream?, or not just things but also people like leave your children them suffering in a place instead leave your dreams that make them suffering in a place where their dreams did not care at all. The best examples for each ones are the life in Valparaiso and Chuquica-mata. Or putted it in another way, is it worth to fight for a dream that maybe never would become real, until putting your life in danger, like Gay Gatsby did it with not worthwhile people like Daisy and most of all, the characterization in Great Expectations suggests that money causes people unconsciously to isolate themselves from the rest of the world. Here you can reflect by yourself.

The Cross Cultural Negotiation Variables

The Cross Cultural Negotiation VariablesWeiss (1993) identified dozen variables in the dialogue lick which will lead to understanding negotiating musical mode better. assorted groups view the purpose and process of talks differently. Negotiation whitethorn be seen as a conflict in which angiotensin-converting enzyme slope wins and an otherwise loses, as a competition to identify who is best or as a collaborative process to formulate some undertaking. The success of a dialogue in some countries is the one who gains the most concessions, unheeding of the value of the concessions.Every group chooses negotiants on the basis of a transition of factors. Negotiators whitethorn be selected on the basis of their previous experience, their status, knowledge of a particular subject, or personal attri justes.Different groups focusing different aspects of the negotiations. around groups stress substantive issues directly related to the agreement while others stress relationships.Diff erent groups have their own particular etiquette associated with the negotiation process and their fond regard to protocol varies according to its perceived importance. Protocol factors that should be considered atomic number 18 contribute giving, entertainment, dress codes, seating arrangements, numbers of negotiants, timing of breaks, and planned duration of the process of negotiations.Different groups communicate in different ways and are to a greater extent comfortable with one or another form of communications. around groups avow on verbal communications, others on nonverbal. Some groups rely on one method, others mixed. The more varied method of communications, the more complex is the communication scene and the more care must be given to understanding the context.Different groups attempt to persuade others and are persuaded by the accustom of a mixing of different types of arguments. Some rely on facts and logical arguments, others on usage and the way things were done in the past, still others on intuition or emotion and others on the beliefs associated with a particular religion or philosophy.Individuals sour different roles in different societies. In some groups, the individual is seen as very important and a particular individuals success or disappointment can depend on the answer of the negotiation process. In other groups, individuals are subordinate to the home negotiating party and personal ambitions are contained. organized religion is a necessity if groups are going to work together to their interchangeable benefit and all groups seek to establish trust with the other parties in the negotiation process.Negotiation involves a degree of risk because the final outcome is unknown when the negotiations begin. Different groups view uncertainty and risk as comparatively desirable or undesirable.The value of time differs from one group to another. Some people view time as limited and something to be use wisely. former(a)s view time as p lentiful and always available, in that respectfore they are more likely to expect negotiations to progress slowly and to be conciliative about schedules.Decisions are made differently in different groups. They may be made by individuals or by the group as a whole. Some groups accept the finish of the majority of the group members. Other groups seek consensus among group members and will not make a decision until all member have agreed.In some cultures, written agreements are evaluate in others verbal agreements or a handshake is accepted. In some cultures, agreements are detailed and set out as legion(predicate) points as possible. In others, broad general agreements are preferred with expand to be worked out as they arise. In some cultures, agreements are expected to be legally binding, in others, there is little faith in legal contracts and much more emphasis is placed on a persons obligation to keep his or her word.Chinese Negotiation Stylemainland chinaware is going to be used to demonstrate that culture affects negotiation style. From Tony (2006)s research, there are three main Chinese negotiation styles. The Chinese negotiation styles includes Maoist bureaucrat in learning, Confucian gentleman, and Sun Tzu-like strategist.The Chinese treater as a Maoist bureaucrat always follows governments plan when doing business. The negotiator combines business with politics, avoids taking initiatives, shuns responsibility, and fears criticism. The Chinese negotiator is smart and tough because he is trained by Chinese bureaucracy daily in which dicker is an important element (Davidson, 1987 Frankenstein, 1988 Lieberthal and Oksenberg, 1986 Pye, 1982).Being a Confucian gentleman, the Chinese negotiator behaves refers to the mutual trust and benefit, looking for cooperation and win-win solutions for everyone to succeed. He behaves high value on trust and sincerity on his own part. He analyses contracting essentially as an ongoing relationship or problem-solvin g process instead of a one-off legal package (Deverage, 1986 Kindel, 1990, Seligman, 1990 Shenkar and Ronen, 1987). He associated business with guanxi, friendship, and trust. His negotiation strategy is characterized by cooperation, basically.As a Sun Tzu-like strategist, the Chinese negotiator think negotiation is a zero-sum game and the marketplace as a battlefield (Chiao, 1981 Chu, 1991 Mun, 1990 Pye, 1982). He sets out to win-lose you, and never stops bargaining. The Chinese negotiator is skilful, provided with a tremendous many of Chinese stratagems from his ancestors. Sun Tzu-like strategist adopts apparently soft but essentially tough tactics in negations. His negotiation strategy is characterized by competition.Managerial implicationsSending the right team up to negotiate in China is extremely important, the status of the team members will directly affect the perspective of Chinese host organization toward your company. Your team leader should be a person with charismatic charm, a patient personality, credibility and sufficient office staff to make a key decision.It is crucial importance to show the Chinese the political support and governmental backing behind your China missions when negotiating outsized industrial high-risk B2B projects in China. The Chinese government is an importance impostor in business networks (Kock 1995).When embarking on a china venture makes real you know the real Chinese negotiators. Despite the large Chinese team with many participants, the real Chinese negotiators usually are absent from the negotiation room. By identifying and negotiating with the real Chinese negotiators, you may, as a Chinese maxim stated, Get twice the result with half the effort.The number 8 is love (whereas the number 4 is disfavoured) in Chinese culture. So try to use design 8 numbered products for China as a metaphor to proclaim the importance of respecting and learning Chinese sociocultural traits.From the perspective of Confucianism, Ch ina is a familistic society in which it takes time to build trust between non-family members. The Chinese distrust fast talkers who want to make quick deals (Pye, 1982, p. 92). By world patient, tolerant, calm, persistent, and honest in dealing with the Chinese, you will eventually win the Chinese heart and trust.

Structured Teaching On Behavioral Problems

Structured Teaching On behavioural occupationsSchool maturate is the period amid 6-12 years. Schoolers ar emerging as creative persons who ar preparing for their future case in society. The take years atomic number 18 a time of new achievement and new experiences. Childrens individual needs and preferences should be respected. Children who are originative and engaged in the educate experience, whether academician or vocational, is non likely to become at risk student.All raw nipperren washbowl be naughty, defiant and impulsive from time to time, which is perfectly blueprint. However, somewhat children have extremely difficult and intriguing carriages that are external the norm for their age. The behaviour of some children and adolescent are hard to change. Children do not always dis constitute their reactions to events immediately although they may emerge later. Children who suffer from behavior incommodes are at a racyer risk for inform solar days failu re, suicide, and psychogenic wellness problems.A behavioural problem is a departure from normal (acceptable) behavior beyond a point, to the extent behavioral problems can sheer themselves in many ways. in that respect are interchangeable terms for behavior complaints- disruptive behavior unsoundness, trademark pains, emotional unhealthinesss, and emotional disturbances.Warning signs of behavior bothers includeHarming or threatening themselves, other peopleDamaging or destroying propertyLying or stealingNot doing well in take aim, skipping trail day primal smoking, drinking or drug useEarly sexual activityFrequent tantrums and argumentsConsistent hostility towards authority figures.Children move for a variety of divergent reasons. Children problems are often multi-factorial and the way in which they are expressed may be influenced by a seethe of factors including develop amiable stage, temperament, coping and adaptive abilities of the family, the nature and duration of illness.The school is an ground take on in society specific tout ensembley designed as the formal actor for educating children. School is a place where children spend the largest portion of their time outside the home. Schools should offer a safe and respectful learning environment for every maven.In addition to scholastic achievement, school experiences should contribute to healthy development in terms of harmonious interpersonal relations and positive ego image. Teachers expect to be important neighborly partners, as the quality of a instructor and child relationship has been think to to several aspects of short and long-term school adaptation. Studies have shown that instructors may reject these children, respond to them with less support and penalty than other child receives.A parent is really the childs number 1 teacher and critical to student success is the involvement of parent. A teacher is a person who provides students direct classroom didactics, or classro om-type instruction in a non-classroom setting, or teachingal run directly related to classroom teaching. Teachers play an influencing role in development of reputation. Listening to childs problems is an important skill of a teacher.Disruptive behavior is a major factor contributing to teacher stress and discontent and heartyly motivates teachers capacity to maintain a productive and orderly learning environment. Most teachers and school personnel concur that they are able to identify behavioral and academic problems within first a couple of(prenominal) weeks of a school year. Teachers expectations and actions greatly affect the childs behavior. Dealing with difficult or inappropriate behavior in schools can be a challenging task for any educator, regardless of experience.Teachers need to use positive interactive approaches than responding to inappropriate behaviors. Teachers need to communicate care and concern rather than a desire to punish when reacting to inappropriate b ehaviors. Children with behavioral problems have sure to a greater extent criticism and have suffered deterioration in their interactions with teachers over time.The early regainive survive and treatment of children with behavioral problems at an early age may stamp down treatment costs and improve quality of life of those children. Effective way of minify behavioral problems can be with behavioral cast developed by parents, teachers, children, administrators and school staff. Use positive interactive approaches that strike the need for inappropriate behavior. The components include, inform pupil what is expected, avoid threats, build self confidence, use positive modeling and provide positive learning environment. palingenesis OF LITERATUREReview of literary works is a key step in search process. The typical purpose for analyzing a review existing literature is to generate interrogation question to identify what is cognize and what is not known about the topic. The ma jor goals of review of literature are to develop a strong familiarity base to carry out research and non research scholarly activity.Review of literature from the present sight is been divided intoStudies related to behavioral problems of school childrenStudies related to fellowship of teachers on behavioral problems of school childrenStudies related to coordinate teaching political platform.Studies related to behavioral problems of school childrenMargrot Prior, Shanya Virasinghe and Diana intelligent (2005) conducted a determine on behavioral problems in Sri Lankan school children associations with socio frugal status, age, gender, academic progress and religion. Using the strengths and difficulties questionnaire modified version of the rutter parent questionnaire including items on childrens strength with parent, teacher and child informants, was administered to judge the mental health problems in this population. In this admit 10 13 years children were included. The p iece of work think that rates and types of problems consistent with other inter depicted object studies on children mental health. Problem rates were higher in boys and were associated with lower socio economic status, religion and poorer academic coiffeance. The subscribe confirms the need for development of child and adolescent health services in Sri Lanka.Sujit Sar Khel, Vinod Kumar Sinha, Mani Arora, Push De Sarkar (2006) done a interpret on preponderance of conduct disorder in schoolchildren of Kanke. The battleground included 240 students studying in class V to X. Stratified random sampling were used to try the preponderance of conduct disorder in children. Present and Lifetime variant screening interview was used to assess the children. The result showed that conduct disorder was effect in 4.58% the ratio of boys to girls being 4.51. Childhood onset was found in 73% and adolescent onset in 27%. lowly conduct disorder was found in 36%, moderate in 64% and inexorable conduct disorder in none.Manuel Barrera et al. (2002) gave an intervention on early primary school to reduce conduct problems A randomise trial with Latino and Non-Hispanic children. The study included European American (n = 116) and Hispanic (n = 168) children from 3 communities were randomly selected to an intervention or no-intervention control condition. Intervention families received parent breeding, and their children received social behavior interventions and supplementary reading dictation over a 2-year period. The study reason out that at the end of a 1-year comprise-up, treated children showed less teacher-rated internalizing and less parent-rated coercive and antisocial behavior than controls.Maj Prakash, Brig .S. Sudarsanan, P.K. Pardal, S. Chaudhury (2006) conducted a study on behaviour problems in a paediatric outpatient department. A sample of 50 children between the ages of 6-14 years was selected randomly for the study. The selective information was cool by administering child behaviour handicap list to children. The study think that behaviour problems in the subjects were externalizing ones and the mean score was 40.7 than internalizing problems and the mean score was 10.3.Mc Farlane.J.M, Groff JY, OBrien .J.A, Watson. K. (2006) done a comparative study on behaviors of children who are open(a) and not exposed to intimate partner violence an abbreviation of 330 black, white, and Hispanic children. Samples included 258 abused mothers and 72 non abused mothers and their children were between age of 18 months to 18 years of age and these children were compared with normative children. data was hive away development child behavior checklist from mothers. Data was analyzed utilise multiple analysis of variance performed for ages 6 through 18 years revealed a significant group difference (Frequency3,183 = 3.13). Univariate outpourings revealed significant group differences for internalizing behavior (Frequency 1,185 = 6.81), externa lizing behavior (Frequency 1,185 = 7.84), and totality behavior problems (Frequency 1,185 = 9.45). Overall, children of abused mothers had significantly higher internalizing (58.5 +/- 12.1), externalizing (55.5 +/- 12.4), and total behavior problems (57.6 +/- 12.3) make headway than the internalizing (52.9 +/- 13.7), externalizing (49.7 +/- 10.6), and total behavior problems (51.0 +/- 13.0) scores exhibited for children of non abused mothers.b) Studies related to acquaintance of teachers on behavioral problems of school childrenBibou-Nakou, G.Kiossseoglou and A. Stogiannidou (2008) done a study on main(a) teachers perceptions regarding school behavior problem implications for school mental services. The study heterogeneous 200 elementary school teachers. The questionnaire was administered to assess casual attributions and goal say behavior on part of teachers when dealing with classroom misbehavior problems. The study concluded that misbehavior related attributions were signi ficantly associated with teachers preferred practices and suggested that application of psychological principles to tuition practice should be included.Sarah B. Dwyer, Jan M.Nicholson (2005) assessed teachers knowledge of children exposure to family risk factors true teaching and usefulness. The study involved 756children indicated that teachers had accurate knowledge of children exposure to factors such as adverse life events and family socio economic status, which predicted children mental health problem at 1 year follow up. The study concluded that asking teachers to encompass children exposure to particular family risk factors is feasible method for identifying children for selective interventions.Stuart W. Twemlo, M.D (2005) estimated the preponderance of teachers who bully students in school with differing levels of behavioral problems. In this study 214 teachers answered unnamed questionnaire about their perceptions of teachers who bully students and their own practice s. Teachers were grouped into whether they taught at low, medium or high severance rate schools. The study concluded that teachers from high suspension rate schools reported they bullied more than students, had experienced more bullying when they were students, had worked with more bullying teachers over the past three years and had seen more bullying teachers over the past year.Dougherty J, Pucci P, Hemmila MR, Wahl WL, Wang SC, Arbabi S (2007) did a comparative study on worldwide child and adolescent mental health begins with sensory faculty a preliminary assessment in nine countries. In this study awareness campaign was conducted among community leaders, health professionals and teachers. The school-based studies were conducted in communities in nine countries. The study concluded that on that point is an increase in bequeathingness to discuss emotional problems freely and suggested that utility of collaborating with schools so as to foster go against child mental health i n such under resourced communities.Kaiser, Ann P Cai, Xinsheng Hancock, Terry B Foster, E Michael. (2007) conducted a survey on of primary school educators regarding burn-risk behaviors and fire-safety precept. A written survey, consisting of 24 questions, was distributed to 8 primary schools. The study results shows that twenty portion of elementary school educators surveyed had experience teaching burned children (mean age 7+/-3 throw away 2-17) 8% had experience with children that were injured due to fire-play. Fire experiment begins at 6.1+/-2 years of age (range 2-13). Educators believe students can benefit from a fire taproom curriculum beginning at 7.3+/-1.8 years (range 5-12).c) Studies related to utileness of structured teaching programmePamela Orpinas and Arthur M. Home (2008) conducted a shop class on teacher-focused approach to prevent and reduce students aggressive behavior the direct responsibility and expectations for adolescents for right away and tomorrow te acher program. The goals of the program were (1) to increase teacher awareness of assorted types of encroachment, risk factors, role of the classroom teacher, and influence of the school climate on the childs behavior (2) to develop strategies that pass on prevent aggression (3) to improve teacher counselling skills to reduce power struggles and aggression and (4) to rear skills to assist students who are the targets of aggression. The study included guiding responsibility and expectations for adolescents for today and tomorrow manuals were administered to teacher. The study concluded that teachers had to increase teacher awareness of different types of aggression, risk factors, role of the classroom teacher, and influence of the school climate on the childs behavior to develop strategies that will prevent aggression to improve teacher worry skills to reduce power struggles and aggression and to enhance skills to assist students who are the targets of aggression.Lorrie L. Hoff man (2009) conducted a workshop on improving school climate reducing reliance on rewards and punishment. The study included 200 teachers. Data was collected by survey on school climate and classroom management methods among teachers who are exposed to and not exposed to the conscious discipline workshops. The study demonstrated that the untrained group was unaware of the social relationship and pagan principles of conscious discipline that include releasing external control, embracing scrap resolution and implementing a more emotionally targeted reward structure in the classroom. Many teachers also showed improvement in student/teacher relationships (r=.325) and in mutual support among teachers (r=.306).Kathleen Lynne Lane, Andrea Phillips and M. Annette Little (2009) did observational study on preventing conduct problems and improving school readiness evaluation of the incredible years teacher and child training programs in high-risk schools. The study included teachers and stud ents. Data was collected from them before and after the intervention. The intervention included teaching social and emotional school curriculum for students and trains teachers in impelling classroom management skills and in promotion of parent-school involvement. They sent home weekly homework to set ahead parents involvement. The study concluded that an intervention used by the teachers was effective and the students showed more social competence and emotional self-regulation and fewer conduct problems than control teachers and students.Carolyn M. Evertson (2005) did an experimental study on training teachers on classroom management in alternate classrooms. The studies in primary grades and more recently in the secondary grades show that the more academically effective teachers in those generally had better organized classrooms and fewer behavioral problems. Additionally, research indicates that the key to managing classrooms effectively begins from the first day of school with the bodyatic approach, advance preparation and planning. The study concluded that workshops and manuals were enough to provide changes in teachers behavior in the desired management However more specific information about nature of the training was needed to support the development of an exportable statewide model with recommendations and guidelines for use. The role that classroom observation could play in encouraging teachers to practice and perform the desired behaviors needed to be explored further.Lee Canter and Terry Paulso (2006) did a pilot study on college credit model of in- school computer address a functional behavioral training programme. The study included 50 teachers and data was collected before and after classes for teachers in mental health principles and techniques. The teacher was trained in the implementation of functional- behavioral intervention skills. The study concluded that teachers affix test score was significantly higher than pre test score. The st udy suggested that teachers gained knowledge on functional behavioral skills.NEED FOR THE take apartDisruptive behavior students are in every classroom crossways the nation. Teachers are constantly searching for assistance, guidance, ideas, suggestions and relief from this challenge. Yet teachers must record that they are the source of hope for many of these children and the person who plays a more or less important role in their lives. A teachers words and actions can affect child forever. Success in school involves being able to cop work, stay organized, get along with kids and adults, be positive about your abilities and school, follow rules, and do your best work. Before we understand children behavior, we must understand their needs. In addition to their physical needs, kids need fun, clothing, freedom, power, and a sense of belonging.Teachers who exhibit high level of efficacy use more positive reinforcement, prefer to work with whole group and present with students who a re experiencing difficulty rather than ignoring or giving up on them. The teachers office to be empathetic can also be associated with students success. School based intervention has been popular for a number of years and has produced varying degree of success in saloon of behavioral problems in children.Children should be allowed to express their true fears and anxieties about be events. Older children may exhibit relationship disturbances with family and friends, poor school surgical process and behavior regression. It can be difficult to assess whether behavior of such children is normal or sufficiently problematic to require intervention.Conduct disorder are seen in appropriate 5-8% of general child population. Kadzins review of prevalence indicated that the estimated rate of conduct disorder in children aged 4-18 has ranged from 2-6%. Conduct disorder for youth underage of 18 range from 6-16% for males, 2-9% for females. Prevalence of conduct disorder was 4.58% more common in boys, the majority had childhood onset, and one-third had co morbid attention deficit hyperkinetic disorder. Conduct disorder prevalence in United States is 1-6% (1999) in children. Conduct disorder prevalence in invigorated York is 12% had moderate level of conduct disorder and 4% had severe conduct disorder.The study was undertaken in the schools under rural and urban sector practice areas of Department of community medicine. The total population of children between (10-19 yrs) of all schools was included. The prevalence of conduct disorders were maximum (12.9%) in the 6-14 yrs age group.Oppositional defiant disorder prevalence rate is 2-16% for youth (American psychiatry association 2000).School refusal occurs at all ages, appropriately 1-5% of all school-aged children have school refusal. In US aged 14-16 years children showed that 4.3% of teenagers, suffers from school phobia and 5% are identify as school refusal. The average age of onset is 7.5 years and 10.5 years.A stud y was conducted on prevalance of behavioral problems of school going children in Ludhiana. The study included 957 school children they assessed the behavioral problems by using Rutter B scale, which was to be get alongd by the class teachers. Based on the screening creature results and parental interview, 45.6% of the children were estimated to have behavioral problems, of which 36.5% had significant problems.A comparative study was done on preschool teachers knowledge, attitude and practices on childhood developmental and behavioral disorders. The study involved 503 preschool teachers. It compared early childhood educators well versed in normal development and childhood developmental and behavioral disorders were evaluated in spy children with potential difficulties, refer for early diagnosis and intervention. The study concluded that fosterageal deficits in childhood developmental and behavioral disorders were found among preschool teachers. The study suggested that there is n eed to improve their skills to aid integration and improve special precept needs, calling for training and resource support.A workshop was done on children with behavior problems improving elementary school teachers skill to keep these children in class. This study aimed at improving their skills for coping with behavioral problems in children. The ability to hold these children helps to prevent them from dropping out of school and avoids referral to special study programs. The workshop integrated 2 interventions (1) Behavior modification skills. (2) Experimental work on the feelings that the misbehaved child evokes in teachers. In this workshop 57 elementary school teachers participated pre-test and post-test was administrated. The study concluded that evaluation of teachers skills and their ability to cope with child who misbehaves score was higher in the post-test than the pre-test. Evaluation of emotional variables after workshop had no significant change in scores.In the light of the in a higher place mentioned studies the investigator observed that the prevalence rate of psychiatric disorder in India is more in middle class children and the knowledge of teachers regarding behavioral disorder is inadequate. If the early identification of conduct disorder is not done in the child age then they may go for antisocial personality disorder. So the investigator took up this study for parchment in education students so that helps in of early identification of behavioral problems among school children. reaching OF THE STUDYThe study to assess the military capability of structured teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children has tremendous scope in practice, education and further research. The scope related to nursing practice has manifold. The research contributes to detect the effective alternative intervention to manage the behavioral problems of school children, its prevention and rehabilitative measures. It attributes further research in c linical practice for exceedingly specialty in psychiatric nursing.The research to develop structured teaching programme helps to mould the nursing education curriculum in information about its discharge process, preventive and curative procedures. The nursing educators can build the concepts further in education.The findings of this study, further helps the researchers to act as catalyst to vulgarize the findings. The new research findings help for extensive in depth research in different aspects of assessing the effectiveness of structured teaching programme in managing the behavioral problems of school children.When behavioral problems of school children are reduced, the bodys immune system gets a boost that also effectively enhances cognitive abilities, it is considered as an effective intervention in managing stress, behavior disorders, and many other illnesses.The findings of this study help the school teachers in changing mental attitude towards problems and develop effect ive way to behavioral problems of school children. The research finding of the study contributes to know the epidemiology of behavioral problems of school children and in turn helps in medical and national health statistics. This data further helps to view the future planning and contributes in national health programme.STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEMA study to assess the effectiveness of structured teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children among lambskin in education students in selected college at Mandi Gobindgarh..MAIN accusingTo assess the effectiveness of structured teaching to reduce the behavioral problems of school children.Sub ObjectivesTo modify and translate standardized tools of assessing stress and coping strategies among hospitalized clientsTo check validity and reliability of developed/modified tools.To assess the existing knowledge of fleece in education students regarding behavioral problems of school children.To evaluate the effectiveness of structure d teaching programme on behavioral problems of school children among sheepskin in education students.To find out association between knowledge score of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables.OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONSEffectivenessIt refers to the significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children after receiving structured teaching programme.Structured teaching programmeIt refers to systematically developed instructional aids designed for diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children.Behavioral problemsBehavioral problem refers to a behavior that goes to an extreme level- behavior that is not pretty different from the usual.It includes the conditions like conduct disorder, aggression, stealing, lying, truancy, bullying, fire setting, impulsivity, oppositional defiant disorder and school fear. sheepskin in education studentsIt refers to diploma in education students who are studying in diploma in education college at Mandi Gobindgarh.AssumptionsAssumptions are the basic principles that are accepted as being true on the basis of logic or reason, without proof or verification.The study assumes thatDiploma in education students may have inadequate knowledge regarding behavioral problems of school children.Structured teaching programme may improve the knowledge of diploma in education students.Diploma in education students knowledge may vary with selected demographic variables.HypothesisHypothesis is a statement of predicted relationship between variables.H1-There will be significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children after administering structured teaching programme.H01 There will be no significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores of diploma in education students on beha vioral problems of school children after administering structured teaching programme.H2-There will be significant association between the knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables.H02-There will be no significant association between the knowledge scores of diploma in education students on behavioral problems of school children with selected demographic variables. boundary lineStudy is delimited to diploma in education students.Effectiveness of a structured teaching programme in terms of knowledge aspects only.MATERIALS AND METHODS look for approachQuantitative approachResearch designPre experimental one group pre-test post-test designPretest X (Structured Teaching syllabus) PosttestVariablesThe In unfree variable of the study is Structured Teaching Programme on behavioral problems of school children.The dependent variable in the study will include Knowledge of diploma in education students on beha vioral problems of school children.Research stage settingThe study will be conducted in a selected diploma in education college.The reason for selecting the setting is1) Easy access to subjects2) Administration thanksgiving and expected cooperationTarget PopulationPopulation includes clients who are diploma in education studentsSampling procedureFor selecting subjectsThe Purposive sampling technique through non-probability sampling approach will be used for selecting the study subjects fulfilling the cellular inclusion criteria.Inclusion CriteriaClients who are willing and able to participateMales females of age range 20 25 years.Clients who are able to read and write English. written informed assentExclusion CriteriaWho have been previously sensitized with similar or similar intervention.Sample sizeOut of the total clients who will be admitted in a selected college of education, complete enumeration will be done and those who fulfill the inclusion criteria will be taken for t he study. A total 200 samples, after meeting the inclusion criteria will be included.Tools and protocol for data collectionThe tool consists ofThe structured interview entry comprised of two sections.SECTION-ISocio Demographic Data It contains the questions related to identification data, socio demographic data, and clinical profile of the clients. The data includes 8 items which age, gender, religion, education, marital status, residence, type of family and family income.SECTION-IISelf administered structured Knowledge questionnaire consists of 40 items. The tools will be checked for validity and reliability. surfeit Validity will be done by having the expert opinions from different fields and reliability will be done by divorce half method.Method of Data CollectionData will be collected by using developed and modified tools.The data will be collected in the following mannerUpon review of clients, react subjects who will meet the inclusion criteria will be selected.Self founda tion garment establishing rapport with the subjects.Setting up of conductive atmosphere for data collection. pillowcase will be assured of the confidently of their data.On the first day purpose of the study will be explained to the sample and informed consent was taken before starting the study.A pretest will be conducted by self administration of structured knowledge questionnaire to each sample. Duration of 25 legal proceeding will be given for each sample to complete the tool .On the same day the Structured Teaching Programme will be administered on behavioral problems of school children for 45 minutes using flash cards, ohp sheet and slides.Post test will be conducted by using the same structured knowledge questionnaire after 7 days of the structured teaching programme.Plan of pilot study take flight study will be conducted on the diploma in education students and will be admitted in a selected college of education in Mandi Gobindgarh with 10% samples to check the feasibility of the study and validity of the tools and methodology.Methods of data analysisThe data obtained will be analyzed in terms of objectives of the study using descriptive and inferential statistics. The pla

Submarines in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars Essay -- American Ameri

Submarines in the basal and Civil state of warsThe Trident Submarine houses twenty-four nuclear warheads with each having a range of 4,600 miles over land. If a nuclear war were to break bring out between the Soviet Union and the United States, virtually e real major city could be destroyed in a matter of hours. The rise of these major run awayers in modern day warfare lies in the Revolutionary and Civil Wars. A Dutchman named Cornelus Van Drebbel, made the very first milling machinery in 1652, to fight the mighty Spanish ship called the Rotterdam Boat. It carried about dozen oarsmen and even had an air circulator. It never saw any action. In the American Revolutionary War, a manned underwater craft named the American turtle (or the water-machine) was used against the British Navy. David Brushnell designed this ingenious machine in 1771. The hero was a iodin manned, egg-shaped vessel which was propelled by hand-operated screw-like devices. It was bottom-heavy in order for it to remain upright. The agent would plant a submersible exploit that could be triggered by a simple clockwork mechanism. He could paddle outside after he attached the magazine of gunpowder onto the enemy ship. The operator could stay under for about thirty minutes The American polo-neck was ready for her initial mission on September 6, 1776, just after midnight in the New York Harbor. The operator, Ezra Lee, failed in his attempt to sink the HMS Eagle because he failed to secure the screw of the gunpowder magazine to the ship. The Turtle made cardinal more attempts to sink enemy ships but they both failed. The end of the American Turtle is unknown. Some think she was accidentally sunk, dismantled, or destroyed. The Turtle was the very first submarine to be used in the... ...come of the Revolutionary War. The submarines in the Civil War were very unimportant as well. Only one ship, the Housatonic, was sunk by the hands of a submarine in the full(a) war. The Southern navy did n ot even put much note into submarine warfare because they only built a couple during the completed war. So overall, submarines were of no significance during either the Revolutionary War or the Civil War. But, these early developments of the submarine were extremely important because they lead to the afterwards more advanced submarines that were used in future wars in which they did play a major role in. For example, in World War II, German U-boats terrorized the sea and played an important role in World War II. These, and others like the modern day Tridents, would not of exist if it were not for the early developments of submarines during the Civil and Revolutionary Wars.

Hitler :: essays research papers

Today, April 20 is my birthday. I was born in 1889. My Father was the illegitimate son of female horse Anna Schicklgruber. I was born at Braunau am Inn.My name is Adolph Hitler. I detest Jews for they dont deserve to live.They atomic number 18 like a deadly, loathsome plague. It is ruff that they are exterminated.If twelve or fifteen thousand of these Jews who are corrupting the nation had been forced to submit to poison-gas, notwithstanding as hundreds of thousands of our best German workers are to facing it in the field, then the millions of sacrifices made at the border would not have been in vain. The death of our beloved is the shortcoming of these unlikable few. I entered the German army as a bid in 1914. After 19 years ofService, in 1933 President Hindenburg entrusted prime minister ship of Germany to me. Oh, what great joy took control of me. I was on maculate nine. March 23, 1933I become dictator. And what better way to commencement ceremony a new month on April 1, 1933 I proclaimed a national boycott of Jewish shops They little rats went ballistic Thought they could assume stand up to me Look me into the eyes and dare raise their voice. Well, I showed them. April 8, 1933 Four Jews were shot dead at Dauchau.But thats just the beginning, the game has just begun April 22, 1933 Jewish merchant, Salomon Rosenstrauch, shot dead in Wiesbaden. solely wait, soon the Headlines will be covered with news like this. whitethorn 10, 1933 Nazis assaults Social Democratic society, taking over all offices, funds and newspapers. Oh yes, I forgot tomention, April 26, 1933 The State Secret Police is taken over by the Nazis flitter that Democrats May 15, 1933 Dr. Alfred Strauss, a Jewish lawyer, killed in Dachau. May 25, 1933 Louis Schloss, a Jewish lawyer killed in Dachau. May 27, 1933 Karl Lehburger, a Jewish businessman, killed in Dachau. tell What did I Tell you? The headlines are covered with reports of Jewish murders. But it is far-offfrom over. You know what? Those democrats are really beginning to bug me I am going to have to do something about them. June 22, 1933 The Social Democratic party is officially banned I told you didnt I? I got exempt of them like I said I would. Im the best, Im the best. July 1, 1934 Jewish population at Dachua almost zero July 15, 1934 philander finds out that the murdered Jews actually "committed suicide".

Murder in Shakespeares Macbeth :: essays research papers

Macbeth is a true Shakespearian tragedy, in which mast murders take place, in enunciate for one man and women to take the throne and become power and queen. It starts with Dun bears murder, which is done because Macbeth did not want to see Duncans news next in line for the throne and the only way to retain that was by eliminating Duncan. The nest murder was that of Banquo. Banquo is a friend of Macbeth and his murder is un-predictable. Macbeth may have feared that if he did not kill Banquo, Banquo would kill him in order to gain a position power seeing that the witchs just informed both Macbeth and Banquo that Macbeth will be the next exponent of Scotland and Banquo will never have the chance to hold the throne. Once Banquo is kayoed of the way, Macbeth turns his attention to his real target, King MaCduff. Although at first hesitant rough killing MaCduff, Macbeth chooses to murder MaCduff, a man who Macbeth himself said was a practised man and a fine leader. The last murder is of MaCduffs family. Macbeth can not take any chances and must kill any associated with the creator king (King MaCduff). The murder of MaCduffs wife and son is the most feral crime of them all because for one we see the killing on stop and number two a child is murdered, the most vicious and exorbitant thing one can show. Macbeth murders for personal gain and has no declination or else he would not have continued his mass slaughtering. Macbeth is obligated for these murders because he commits them himself, with by any assistance, he kills everyone out of necessity, and because all these acts were done out of free will. The underlining fact in the play is that Macbeth kills these people all by himself, thither is no accomplice and therefore if this were brought to a court of right the only person who would be found guilty of murder would be Macbeth. There is no crime for saying go and kill that person, there is only a crime for actually killing a person. Also, M acbeths killings resulted in Macbeth gaining a position of power he wanted. He says The Prince of Cumberland That is a step on which I must fall down, or else oerleap, for in my way it lies.

Rip Van Winkle Essay -- Washington Irving

pedigree cutting edge WinkleIn the late 1700s and early 1800s, lit eonture began to show it was changing thanks to the newly formed democracy in America. As is the shell with any young government, many different interest groups arose to attempt to devise the government according to their vision of democracy. Washington Irving, a native brisk Yorker born in 1783, grew up in a world engulfed in these democratic ideals. He grew up to be, as many would grow up in this atmosphere, a political satirist. This satirical nature of Irvings shows up healthy in pitch Van Winkle, as he uses historic allusions and symbolic characters to mockingly compare colonial life under British rule to the democracy of the young United States. The reader assumes the appearance of split up from the preceding paragraphs in which the author sets the general timeframe in the colonial era before and after the American Revolutionary war. To describe Rip whizz would have to look mostly at little hints in t he flooring. The eruptmatch way to describe Rip would be that he is very muscular because of all of the physical labor done in chores. We also limit Rip had light hair with blue eyes. Rips clothing was that of the time stopover black suits with fluffy white collars, tri-cornered hats, and brass buckles on the black shoes. good-natured and helpful best describes Rips attitude, this good faith towards all that eventually lands Rip in trouble. This story is full of historical instances. The first historical chaff occurs attached to the name Peter Stuyvesant, who is mentioned twice with exaggerated praise. Stuyvesant, a unpleasant and strongly disliked governor, was in power when the incline seized impudent York. Irving uses a false respect for Stuyvesant to make fun of the Dutch in sassy York, who blamed him for the loss of the land to the English. Having set the scene as a Dutch-friendly narrator, Irving introduces raspberry Van Winkle, Rips angry wife, who maintains cont empt for Rips laziness and carefree attitude. Dame Van Winkle harsh control over her husband represents King George and the English rule of the colonies. Whereas George, yet felt faithful and attached to the Crown, mistreated the colonies Rip stood by his demanding wife. The irony is in Rips non-caring attitude towards Dame Van Winkle. He was harassed and bossed, but he was content. Nicholas Vedder, the owner of the inn, who controlled the conversations and opi... ...ourse Rip, having been gone for twenty years, doesnt crawl in what he is talking about and it goes on from there. Rip becomes very usual after telling his story to the villagers over and over again which proves that, in most cases, a fairy tale will beat out the truth in the order to please the public - and this story is no exception 1.Poupard, Dennis Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism.Sharon K. Hall, Vol. 4 Detroit, Michigan, Gale Research Company. 1981 Pg.1989-19922.Greene, Gayle. Yearbook 1986 Sharon K, Hall Vol . 44. modern-day Literary Criticism. Detroit Michigan.Gale Research Company. 1986. Pg.194-1953.Galens, Judith. Nineteenth-Century literature Criticism.Joann Cerrito. Vol 41 Detroit. Gale Research inc. 1994Pg. 31-354.Greene Gayle. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism.Laurie Lanzon Harris. Vol 2 Detroit MichiganGale Research Company. 1982 Pg.62-645.Magill, Frank N. Cyclopedia of literary Characters. A.J. Sobezak. Vol. 4 New Jersey. Salem press Inc.1998. Pg. 1641-16456.Rochin, Domingo Rip Van Winkle an American story Washington Irving. David Barfoot New York 1998Pg.14-20

America The Beautiful :: essays research papers

A terrible terrorist put to work was committed on the Statesn soil on September 11, 2001. Airplanes were hijacked, interpreted to important cities, and crashed into important buildings. This dreadful happening shocked all of the States. to the highest degree are still in denial and grieving over the tragedy. It seemed that the States was getting little support from other countries unlike the support the States gives many other nations when they are in trouble. One reporter from Canada, Gordon Sinclair, suasion this was a terrible injustice. In a report given by Sinclair, many times the States has helped out, even its enemies, were pointed out. Sinclair points out the fact that America has some of the best technology, the fact that America has helped its enemies with restitution after wars and bombings, as well as the fact that America is a watchdog that helps those who affirm domestic problems.You talk about Japanese technocracy, and you get radios. You talk about German technoc racy, and you get automobiles. You talk about American technocracy, and you find custody on the moon not once, but several times and safely home again, states Sinclair. This statement shows the vast amount of technologies America possesses. Later in the same paragraph, Sinclair remarks about the fact that America did not even travel along its draft dodgers for the fact that they ran to Canada. This shows that Americas domestic problems are not as important as helping others around the world. America lays its scandals on the table for all to view. To articulate more on the issue of technology, America is the largest producer of airplanes in the world. America does not boast about its scientific advances, it merely allows other nations to share in its glory.This Canadian thinks it is time to speak up for the Americans as the most generous and possibly the least apprehended people on the earth. Germany, Japan, and to a lesser extent, Britain and Italy were lifted out of the rub ble of war by the Americans who poured billions of dollars and forgave other billions in debts, states Sinclair. This quote refers to the restitution mentioned in the beginning of this expose. After bombing Hiroshima and Nagasaki during World War II, America gave very much money to the Japanese to help rebuild their cities. Can a rude that rebuilds its enemies be that bad, or is it simple minded and blind? In my opinion, America is just a good neighbor.

Welfare Reform: Have we considered our children? :: Essays Papers

Welf ar Reform Have we considered our shaverren? draw with America, suspend grants, personal responsibility and eudaemonia to work are all familiar rhetoric. With the changing of the guard in Washington, welfare as we know it is quickly becoming a relic of the past. The question is whether our newly-elected leading are reforming the welfare system or simply perpetuating the horrific posit of our countrys poorest citizens- our children.Consolidation of national programs into block grants includes an estimated 5-20% cut in the level of federal spending for many of these programs. If the proposed changes in AFDC were fully in effect today, more than than five million children, one-half of the children now on AFDC, would lose their benefits.change of the original plan does not necessarily translate into added protection for children. both the Clinton administration and state governments, represented by Republican governors, have proposed alternating(a) welfare reform plans. The a lternative plans still include support for block grants and federal cutbacks.Elimination of federal oversight of child welfare programs pass on eradicate over fifteen years of child advocacy efforts. In the proposed legislation, funding under the Social Security Act for state child welfare systems would be combined into a block grant to be disseminated according to each states discretion. House Representatives have failed to mention that monies for state child welfare programs are afoot(predicate)ly linked to federal standards and submission measures. receipt of federal foster care money is dependent upon state compliance with requirements such as permanency planning, family preservation and reunification and placement of children in the least restrictive, most family-like setting. Loss of these compliance measures will potentially collapse a nationwide system developed solely to protect the outmatch interests of the child.Along a similar vein, elimination of the entitlement s tatus of social welfare programs destroys the safety net for children whose parents are poor. Unlike entitlements which legally guarantee avail for children and families, block grants place a financial cap on spending. If states stockpile out of money, families will be forced to wait until the next financial year to receive assistance. Denying entitlement status guarantees that many children will go hungry, and in turn will be unable to develop into healthy, productive adults.The current welfare reform proposals, although intended to target single women, realistically punish the children. Without built-in federal protections for children combined with a guaranteed safety net for parents, we cannot hold children in poverty to become responsible selfsufficient citizens.