Pressure Sensor Controlled Valve Based Microcontroller In General Engineering Essay

Pressure Sensor Controlled Valve Based Micro bidler In General Engineering striveA contract sensing element measures impel, typically of gases or liquids. Pressure demodulator after eccentric also be called as air crush transducers, compress transmitters, drag senders, thrust indicators and piezometers. Pressure demodulators atomic number 18 employ for concord and superviseing in thousands of everyday applications.Pressure Sensor Controlled Valve based Microcontroller in GeneralA ram detector controlled valve based microcontroller is a pressure sensing device that is capable of controlling a desired pressure up to the set point set by the user. Besides, the pressure sensing device also allows the user to monitor and control the entire process of the administration by interfacing a Microcontroller with a PC use RS232 and the PC Serial Port.Pressure sensor and valve be required to design pressure sensing device according to their task Nowadays pressure sensors bac kside vary in design, process, application suitability and cost. On the other hand, pressure sensors brush off be classified in term of pressure ranges they measure, temperature ranges of operation, and most(prenominal) significantly the type of pressure they measure.Valves argon employ to control conditions such as flow, pressure, temperature, and liquid take aim. The opening or closing of the valve is depend on the signalings received from the controllers that examine a set point to a process variable where the value is obtain from the sensor that monitor the variety show of conditions. Besides, the opening and closing of the control valve is through by electrical, hydraulic or pneumatic system. A valve also can vary in design, pressure range and temperature range of the operation, application suitability and cost. jut ObjectiveThe main objective of this project is to design and construct a prototype of pressure sensor controlled valve based microcontroller. This prototyp e should select the following primitive featuresAble to control the pressure through the setpoint set by the user.Able to activate the alarm if the pressure is above a setpoint.Able to shutdown the intact process if the pressure is in critical pressure.Able to monitor the process of the control through PC.Upon successful implementation of these fundamental features, enhancements are added to improve the gumshoe of this pressure sensor controlled valve based microcontroller. The first improvement is adding manual control function to make this control valve able to control by the user veritable(a) the pressure sensor is fail to mete out a signal to the microcontroller. Besides, a backup battery is also added into the controller to provide fountain when there is absence seizure of main power supply. The backup battery forget power the electric circuit further in the event of failure. On the other hand, a temperature sensor pull up stakes also be added into this pressure sens or controlled valve based microcontroller to maintain the optimum temperature of the gas.Project OverviewThe pressure sensor controlled valve based microcontroller is designed to control pressure any in gas or liquid medium in any suitable application. The pressure sensor volition senses the pressure from the along the pipe or pipe along the application. The bottom of the pressure sensor is connected with a T-Joint connector to the underground or pipe and the analog control signal from the pressure sensor entrust be connected to the analog manner of microcontroller. The analog signal received by microcontroller leave behind be analyzed by the microcontroller. The microcontroller allow for then control the control valve by with the signal received by the sensor.Besides, a temperature sensor (LM35) depart also be added into the prototype to enhance the performance of the prototype. The temperature sensor impart be mounted at the show of the tube or pipe. The temperature sen sor will sense the temperature of gas or liquids inside the tube or pipe and send a control signal to microcontroller. The analog control signal from the temperature sensor will be connected to the analog port of microcontroller. The microcontroller then will control the control valve according to the temperature received by sensor.Recently, serial port of ready reckoner slowly kind out from the market and to be replaced with USB. Nowadays, most developer will favor USB to serial converter to obtain virtual serial port. So, in order to for general and convenient use, a USB to UART converter (UC00A) which offers USB jade green and play, direct interface with microcontroller will also be added to the prototype to create a monitoring system through PC. The Transmit Signal (TX) from UC00A will be connect to the microcontroller receiver pin (RX/RC7) . While the Receive Signal (RX) from UC00A will be connect to the microcontroller transmitter pin (TX/RC6) . Then, a GUI( Global User Int erface) will be develop using Microsoft Visual Basic for user to monitor the process operation of the prototype.On the other hand, a backup battery of 24Vdc will also be connected parallel with the main power supply. This is to provide the prototype with a backup power supply when there is no power provided from main power supply .This is to prevent and protect the prototype from trip of circuit and critical shut down of the prototype that might cause injure to the computer ironware of the prototype.Besides, a LCD display (216 characters) is used to display the pressure and temperature measured from the sensors and indicates the condition or status of the control valve and the air compressor which useful for calibration, monitoring, debugging and testing.A buzzer is embedded in the prototype is used as an alarm when the pressure or temperature is above the setpoint set by the user.Project Scope and methodologyThis project consisted both of the hardware and software implementation . According to the schedule, construction of the final prototype was run intod to achieve the projects objective. At the same time, software also designed to fulfill all the fundamental requirements. When the prototype that met the primitive objectives was successfully constructed, the remaining projects duration was spent on enhancements of the prototype to make it more durable and reliable.In part one, projects objectives identification and planning had been done. After that, research on some the suppositious background of the project such as types of pressure sensor, temperature sensor, type and size of fittings and tube, types of control valve and the basic electric component for the controller that needed for this project.Electronic components were carefully selected to construct the prototype based of its functionality, reliability and cost. When hardware selection was finalized and decided, a layout for printed circuit board (PCB) was designed and fabricated. After that, a simple program was written to test, calibrate and debug the prototype to make it worked as described in the primary objective.In part two, further enhancements to the prototype were planned and implemented. The mechanical drawing of the prototype had been designed. The mechanical part of the hardware such as pressure sensor, underground, fitting, control valve is joint up together and the wiring is connected to the into the main board(Controller) of the prototype. Besides, monitoring system of the operation is also embedded to the prototype to ease the user to monitor the operation using a PC in a control room. After all features, were completed, testing was undertaking to ensure the reliability of the whole system. Troubleshooting and debugging phase on software and hardware were necessary to make all the system become more reliable and safe.Structure of the ReportThis report is divided into sextette chapters. At the Chapter 1, Introduction to the project which includes Pressur e Sensor Controlled Valve Based Microcontroller in general, Project objective, Project overview, Project scope and Methodology had been discussed.In Chapter 2, some theoretical background for this project will be explained and described in details.While in Chapter 3, how hardware designed of this project as well as their functions will be elaborated. Besides, Methodology used for design the hardware also will be discussed in this chapter.Chapter 4 described the Methodology for the software development of this project. be given chart for the program will be showed and explained. Besides, equipment and tools used to design complete software also will be discussed in this chapter.In Chapter 5, results and discussion will be shown to explain how the pressure sensor control valves based microcontroller performs its operation. On the other hands, the problems encountered while designing the prototype either in hardware or software and how these problems solved will be also discussed in t his chapter.Chapter 6 will be the summary and conclusion of the report whether all the fundamental requirements and objectives achieved for lowest Year Project. Then, there will be a short recommendation or suggestion to further improve this project so that it can be used in various types of industry environment.Chapter 2 Theoretical Background2.1 Introduction to Pressure SensorA pressure sensor is one that will measure the pressure either gasses or liquids. Pressure is an expression of the force required to stop a fluid or gas from expanding, and it can be express as the equation below. 1P=F/AWherePis the pressure,Fis thenormal force,Ais the area.Pressure Units can be expressed as the table belowTable 1 Pressure Unit2.1.1 Types of Pressure MeasurementBasically, pressures sensor can be classified in term of pressure ranges, temperature ranges and most importantly the pressure type. Pressure sensor can be classified in 5 types of pressure criterion which are Absolute pressure senso r-Whereby the sensor measure the pressure relative to perfect vacuum pressure (0 Psi or no pressure)2) Gauge pressure sensor-Whereby the sensor measure the pressure relative to given atmospheric pressure. For congresswoman when a tire pressure gauge read 0 Psi meaning to secernate there is 14.7 Psi (atmospheric pressure) in the tire.3) Vacuum pressure sensor-The sensor is used to measure pressure less than the atmospheric pressure.4) Differential pressure sensor-The sensor measures the difference between two or more pressures introduced as inputs to the sensing unit.5) Sealed pressure sensor Whereby the sensor is used to measure the pressure relative to sea level pressure.2.1.2 Types of Control Signal from Pressure sensorThere are two types of Control signal from pressures sensor which are flow rate output and potentiality output signal. Current output normally ranged from 4-20ma while the potential output normally ranged from 1-5Vdc or 1-6Vdc (The voltage output range more oft en than not is depend by the manufacturer or the type of application). The current output and voltage output always start from 4ma and 1Vdc is to check whether the wiring of the pressure sensor is done correctly and to check whether there is faulty at the pressure sensor. For example, if the pressure sensor output a current below 4ma or 1Vdc, we put up to check at the pressure sensor because they might be faulty at the pressure sensor.The current output control signal is widely used in many kind of industry compared to voltage output control signal. This is because there is no voltage toss out when current output control signal cash in ones chips a very long distance compare to voltage output control signal. When travelling at a very long distance, voltage output control signal will read disadvantage due to the resistance of the long wire will cause a voltage drop and might give an inaccurate result to the controller. So, the current output control signal tends to give a more ac curate result compare to voltage output control signal. Due to limitation at PIC microcontroller which only has Analog-to-Digital Converter, so a voltage output control signal will be more suitable for the project.Types of Application of Pressure sensorA pressure sensor can be widely used in many types of application.For example 21) Pressure Sensing-The pressure is measure directly using pressure sensors. This is very useful in oil and gas industry, cars, aircraft, and other machinery that has a pressure functionality implemented.2) Leak Testing-A pressure sensor can be used to sense the decay of pressure due to a system leak. This is done by either comparison to a known leak using differential pressure, or by means of utilizing the pressure sensor to measure pressure exchange over time.3) Level Sensing A pressure sensor can also be used to calculate the level of a fluid. This technique is ordinarily employed to measure the level of contents in a tank (such as in a water tower). For most practical purposes, fluid level is directly proportional to pressure. In the case of fresh water where the contents are under atmospheric pressure, 1psi = 27.7 inH20 / 1Pa = 9.81 mmH20. The basic equation for such a measurement isP=p*g*hWhere P = Pressure, p = Density of the Fluid, g = Standard Gravity, h = Height of fluid column above pressure sensorIntroduction to ValveA valve is device that is used to regulate the flow of a fluid or gasses by opening and closing or partly obstructing various passageways. A valve can be operating either in manual operation or automatic operation driven by change in pressure, temperature or flow. For manual operation, the opening and closing of the valve is control by using hand wheel, lever or pedal using human force. stave for the automatic operation, the opening and closing of the valve is control using an actuator .An actuator will stroke the valve depending on its input and set-up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately, and allowing control over a variety of requirements. Nowadays, Actuators are widely used for the purposes of automatic control such as in washing machine cycles, remote control such as the use of a centralisedcontrol room, or because manual control is too difficult such as when the valve is very large. 32.2.1 Types of Actuator in the ValveValve can be classified on how they are actuated. Among them are 3HydraulicPneumaticManualSolenoidMotorFor a hydraulic system actuator valve is normally used to control a high pressure while Pneumatic system actuator valve is normally used to control a medium pressure in application. Meanwhile low pressure, solenoid or motorized system actuator valve can be used.2.2.2 Application of ValveValve can vary widely in form and application. The size of the valve is typically range from 0.1mm to 60cm. Some special valve can render a diameter exceeding 5 metres. The cost for a valve is depending on types of the design, material build, range of temperature and pressure and manufacturer. When a designer, engineer, or user decides to use a valve for an application, he/she should ensure the rated maximum temperature and pressure are never exceeded and that the wetted materials are compatible with the fluid the valve interior is exposed to. 3The industries in which the majority of valves are used are oil and gas, power generation, water reticulation, sewerage and chemic manufacturing. 32.3 Introduction to vacuum tubeTubing is pipe or a hollow cylinder for the infection of fluid (liquid or gas). The term of pipe and tubing can be interchangeable although there are minor distinctions exist- basically, tubing imply tighter engineering requirements than pipe. some(prenominal) pipe and tubing can be varies in different rigidity and permanence. For examples, a hose is normally portable and flexible. Besides, tubing and pipe can be specified by standard pipe size designation. Types of tubing are specified by the actual inside diameter, outside diameter and the wall thickness. 42.3.1 Types of TubingBasically, there are few types of tubing can be used in industry. Among them areCopper TubingStainless Steel or atomic number 13 TubingPlastic TubingFor copper tubing, there are two basic types of copper tubing, soft copper and rigid copper. Copper tubing can be joined using flare connection, compression connection, or sweat (solder). Soft copper tubing can be bent easily to travel well-nigh obstacles in the path of the tubing while a rigid copper cannot be bent and must useelbow fittingsto go around corners or around obstacles. Soft copper is the most customary choice for refrigerant lines insplit-systemair conditioners and heat pumps while rigid copper is most popular choice for water line. 5For Aluminium Tubing, it is sometimes used in industry because it is resistance to corrosion and solvents, and for its ductility. Besides, aluminium cannot create sparks when there is a contagious disease of flammable solvent and the we ight for aluminium is lighter compare to steel and iron which make it suitable to use in many types of industry. 5 Aluminium tubing can be joined using flare connection, compression connection, or sweat (solder). Aluminium tubing can be used for heat conveyancing tubing such as in refrigerant systems. 6For Plastic Tubing, there are few types of plastic tubing which are PVC(polyvinyl chloride) and CPVC, Polyethylene, Rigid Polypropylene, ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene) and Nylon tubing. The most popular for plastic tubing is PVC. It is rigid, and uses pull or glue connections. Besides, it is available in several of pressure range. 5 Plastic tubing is widely used for its light weight, chemical resistance, non-corrosive properties, and ease of making connections. 62.3.2 Types of Tube FittingsThere are many types of connection methods for tubing application in industry. The four most common types of tube fttings connections areCompression Tube FittingsFlare FittingsBite-Type Tub e FittingsMechanical Grip-Type Tube FittingsThe Compression Tube Fitting was the first tube fitting to be introduced, which consist of triad components nut, body and gasket ring or ferrule. The disadvantages of compression tube fittings was it can withstand only minimal pressure and the remake is very difficult due to the contrustion of the shut ring. 7CompressionTube FittingThe Flare Fitting was the another variation in tube fittings designs. The fittings is made up from a nut, sleeve and body with a flare or coned end. During installation of a tubing, a special flaring tools are usually required .The disadvantages of flare fittings is that flaring of the tubing may cause stress riser main at the base of the flare or cause the axial cracks on thin tubing. 7Flare FittingFor Bite-Type Tube Fitting , it is used to accommodate high pressure application over the compression tube fitting design. The fittings is typically made up with a nut, body and ferrule(s) having a sharp leading edge, which give bites into the skin of the tubing to achieve griping and holding ability. There are two types of design for bite-type tube fittings which are the single ferrule and twin ferrule design. In single ferrule bite, the nose of the ferrule performs two functions. The first function is to bite into the tube to hold it and second function is to provide a seal off element for the coupling body.In twin ferrule bite, the back ferrule is used to bite and provide gripping into tube and the front ferrule is used for sealing element for the coupling body. 7Single-Ferrule Bite-TypeTwo-Ferrule Bite TypeMeanwhile for Mechanical Grip-Type Tube Fittings are typically two-ferrule in design. The front ferrule is used to seals by coining the surface of the tubing and coupling body. While the back ferrule is used holding action. The back ferrule grip the tube for a distance just out-board from tube holding point of the ferrule nose to enhance vibration resistance. The main advantanges of this design compare to the bite-type fittings is that break and remake of the fitting after installation can be more successfully accomplished without damage to either the fitting components or the tubing. 7Mechanical- Grip Type2.4 Introduction to piping ThreadBasically ,there are two types of standard for pipe thread which are British Standard cry- BSPAmerican field holler-NPT/NPSBoth of British Standard pipe and American National Pipe is designated by trade size rather than actual diameter.Under BSP, there are two basic types of BSP thread which are the BSPT (British Standard Pipe Taper) which is also know as R threads and BSPP (British Standard Pipe Parallel) which is also known as G threads. Both of the BSPT and BSPP have the same thread shift, shapre and pitch ( threads per inch). The only difference for BSPT and BSPP is BSPT threads are tapered and BSPP threads are straight ( parallel). BSP thread have a 55o include angle and have rounded peaks and valleys.On the other hands, for NPT, there are also two basic types of national pipe threads which are NPT ( National Pipe Taper) abd NPS ( National Pipe Straight) . Both NPT and NPS have the same thread angle, shape, and pitch (threads per inch). However, NPT threads are tapered and NPS threads are straight (parallel). Both threads have a 60 included angle and have flat peaks and valley2.4.1 NPT vs BSP PipeNPT thread are widely used in coupled State but, BSP thread are more widely used in many other countries.The actual specified outside diameters of American National Pipe is slightly different from British Standard Pipe,.NPT/NPS and BSP thread are not compatible with each another. This is due to the differences in their thread forms and pitch . NPT/NPS threads have a 60 included angle and have flattened peaks and valleys while a BSP threads have a 55 included angle and have rounded peaks and valleys As conclusion, never ever try to mate a BSP fittings with an NPT or NPS fittings if the pressure hold ing capability is at all critical.CHAPTER 3computer hardware AND SETUP DESIGNIn this chapter, the hardware components used to setup the hardware would be elaborated and discussed. Each components features and its operation were studied before proceed to the hardware design. These components were tested on breadboard individually with simple program. The main purpose of this is wanted to determine components and algorithms used are work and function properly. Based on these algorithms, a complete program could be designed to make all the components work in the correct manners. The details about software methodology will be explained at next chapter.After all the hardware components passed the testing, a proper design of Printed Circuit Layout (PCB) was needed. A good and neat design of the PCB would ensure all the components work stability and properly to achieve the project primary objectives. During this stage, Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) theory had studied to prevent undesi red manners such as noise or crosstalk occurred in the PCB board. Besides , the design drawing of hardware prototype is also had been studied before assembling the hardware prototype.At the last stage, the tubing, fittings, valve, pressures sensor and pressure gauge is assemble carefully in order to prevent gasses leakage from prototype.3.1 Microcontroller Unit (MCU)A microcontroller is a computer system that runs on a single integrated circuit. It usually consists of Central Processing Unit (CPU), memory unit and Input/Output (I/O) modules. Apart from these, a MCU also contains timers, counters and interrupt scheduling circuitry. Microcontrollers are widely applied in the robotics and embedded system controllers. Different microcontroller models may offer extra peripherals and registers for some applications (eg. UART, SPI, I2C and etc.). They usually run in a fixed oscillating frequency.There are advanced microcontrollers which are 32-bits microcontroller developed nowadays. But, 8-bit microcontrollers are usually sufficient to design a small embedded controller. In this project, Microchip microcontroller had been chosen due to its extra features. For instance, PIC had built-in ADC module to ease the analog to digital signal converting and customary Synchronous Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (USART) module to communicate with PC.3.2 Microchip PIC MicrocontrollerPIC stand for Peripheral Interface Controller. Until now, Microchip had developed and manufacture multiple families of PIC microcontroller in different packages. They are several families in a certain category such as PIC10, PIC12, PIC16, and PIC18 in 8-bit PIC microcontrollers, PIC24F, PIC24H, dsPIC30 and dsPIC33 in 16-bit PIC microcontrollers and PIC32 in 32-bit PIC microcontroller.The PIC microcontroller that is used in this project is PIC16F877A. One of the reason this PIC microcontroller was choosen because it is in 40-pin DIP package. It was also chosen because it is herculean and yet easy t o program CMOS FLASH with only 25 single word instructions based 8-bit microcontroller. With the 20MHz operating frequency, the PIC only need only 200 nanoseconds to execute and instruction.

Enzyme Kinetics Laboratory Report

Enzyme dynamics Laboratory ReportHow the changes in subst ramble assiduousness (PNPP), changes in temperature, changes in pH and the presence of an inhibitor ( inorganic phosphate ions) frames the tell of reaction of the reaction between PNPP and water catalysed by the enzyme acid phosphates which produces PNP and phosphate as its intersection points . Using spectrophotometer to measure the absorbance of the carrefours formed through hydrolysis of subst lay.AbstractThe purpose of this scientific paper was to replicate earlier findings of examines in enzyme energisings and to see if enzyme behaviour and activity is influenced by 4 factors- change in subst rank tightfistedness, temperature, pH and the presence of a competitive inhibitor. In the first sectionalization where the subst point concentration was altered whilst the enzyme concentration was kept constant the race was found to be hyperbolic this apprize be apologiseed using the Michaelis -Menten equation and the L ineweaver burk mend which was also used to obtain Km values of 0.25 and Vmax values of 0.12UNIT. The step-up in S maturationd the commit of reaction at first but when S withal much the initial fastness started to decrease. The increase in temperature led to a general increase in the initial velocity until the temperature reached 347 K where the enzyme denatured. The optimal temperature of the reaction was in the range 310 K- 323.2 where the rate increased at its fastest. The third section was the effect of pH on the enzyme activity. The best pH of the reaction was 5.5. This pH gave the highest reading of absorbance which means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its highest. Finally the last section of the experiment was the effect of competitive inhibitor on the rate of reaction. The investigation showed that the inhibitor used (phosphate ions) was a non-competitive inhibitor. The inhibitor did lower the initial velocity of the reaction when it attached to the enzyme at rand om.IntroductionThis research laboratory report is on the topic of enzyme kinetics, previous work in this disassociateicular field was carried out in the 1700s, when biological catalyst enzymes were discovered and examine. As taste of enzymes increased scientist carried out basic laboratory experiments such(prenominal) as the conversion of starch to sugar by saliva to increase their understating of enzymes and how they function. However the first literal incident where enzymes were understood in detail was in 1897-by Edward Buchner .Since then on, till this period of time factors which effect the velocity/ rate of reaction and enzymes have been studied widely by m either scientists globally. The modern scientists have a deep understanding of enzyme kinetics. The purpose of this laboratory report is to confirm previous findings covered in various sources of scientific literature and journals.Enzymes atomic number 18 often described as organic catalysts which increase the rate of reaction of a bio-chemical reaction ( David L.Nelson etal 2008). Enzymes increase the rate velocity of various reactions that occur in a biological system such as the mammalian digestive system. Enzymes can have functions including transfer, synthesis or breakdown of molecules. It is important to mention that enzymes are proteins which speed up the rate of reaction without being used up themselves i.e. they are reusable. Enzymes have a really specific active voice site which is completing to a specific substrate 3 dimensional mental synthesis.The specificity is due to the complementary hydrophilic/hydrophobic accusation, electrical charge and shape of active site on the enzyme. The binding of an enzyme with an specific substrate produces an enzyme substrate complex (ES).The rate at which the enzyme substrate complex is formed is dramatically increased or decreased in changes in substrate concentration, temperature, pH and presence of an competitive inhibitor the effect of these 4 factors on the enzyme activity is known as enzyme kinetics (Jeremy M. Berg etal 2006).Enzymes work on the concept of transition states. Transition state of enzymes is the phase where the substrate is not a yet a product and not a substrate. Enzymes reduce this phase .The difference between the free energy of the reactants and the free energy of the transition state is the activation energy (Ea).The tokenish energy required for a success full reaction to occur. Enzymes speed up the rate of reaction by lowering the activation energy barrier.A typical enzyme substrate reaction can be simplified and be written asThe enzyme studied in this investigation was acid phosphatase. This enzyme can be identified by its Enzyme Commission Number (EC number) which is 3.1.3.2. Now I forget briefly discuss the enzyme kinetic properties of acid phosphatase. The enzyme acid phosphatase catalyses the remotion of phosphate root from organic molecules. Its primary mechanism of action is to bring a s ubstrate molecule into contact with a molecule of water .This results in catalysis and the removal of phosphate group. Finally an hydroxyl group is attached to the substrate molecule. An example of this is the reaction shown below. This reaction was studied in this laboratory investigation.Acid phosphatasep-nitrophenylphosphate (PNPP) + water phosphate + p-nitrophenol(PNP)In the reaction above PNPP is the synthetic substrate, which is described as chromogenic.At. At high purity this compound is completely colourless. PNPP is hydrolysed by the enzyme acid phosphatase this produces phosphate and PNP. The product produced is yellow and can be measured using a colorimeter.The first part of the investigation concerns the effect of substrate concentration on the rate of reaction. I predict and expect that at an increase in substrate concentration (PNPP) will lead to an increased rate if reaction/initial rate. The reason for this is that an increase in substrate concentration increases the chances of a successful collision occurring between the enzyme and substrate increasing the likelihood of ES complex and product (PNP) formation results in an overall increase rate of reaction. This will produce a fist order reaction on a interpret. However it is important to mention that at high substrate concentration the enzyme will be fully saturated this will reduce the rate of reaction as the there are too many substrate than enzymes. On a graph this would show a plateau. The maximum velocity of the reaction or the Vmax would be expected to be stuffy to this region. Therefore I predict to see a hyperbolic relationship on a graph.Section B of this investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I would exepcet to find that an increase in temperature would result in an increase in the rate of reaction. The reason for this phenomenon is that as there is increase in kinetic energy being applied to enzymes and substrates it increases the chances of coll ision occurring so more product (PNP) is formed per unit time. However I also believe that temperatures above 50 -70 degrees Celsius would denature the enzymes active site and the 3 dimensional structures. At this stage the enzyme will not be complementary in shape to the substrate.This would mean that no reaction can be completed so the rate of reaction will decrease. It is important to state that the enzyme is going to have an optimum temperature at which the ES complexes and products are made at the fastest velocity. The increase in temperature increase the add of molecules which have higher energy than the Ea barrier this in turn increases the amount of molecules which can react increasing the rate of reaction or initial velocity. I believe the optimum temperature is going to range between 20-40 degrees Celsius.The third part of this lab report is based on the effect of pH on the rate of reaction again I believe that at extremes of pH such as acidity or alkalinity will affect t he rate of reaction. This may cause the enzymes structure to denature and will cause a lower rate of reaction and lower rate of product formation because the enzyme will not be complementary to the substrate. I would expect this enzyme to have a low optimum pH of around 5-2 as it is acid.Finally the last section of this investigation concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. Inhibitor in this case the phosphate ions will compete with the true(a) substrate PNPP for the active site of the enzyme acid phosphatase. These inhibitors can only attach to the active site of the enzyme due to their complementary properties. The concentration of the inhibitors will be kept constant and the concentration of the substrate PNPP will be altered. I believe that as the concentration of PNPP increases the rate of reaction will increase this is because the PNPP can out- compete the competitive inhibitor and reverse the effect of the inhibitor.Materials and MethodsAll procedures were carried out as described in the lab schedule. No alterations were made to any of the procedures carried out throughout the experiment.DiscussionThe first section of this lab report relates the effect of substrate concentration on enzyme activity. I shall briefly discuss and explain what my data shows and means. Graph 3 which is the graph of Michaelis Menten of collected data. The relationship between the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction and the substrate concentration can be describes as hyperbolic. The graph and tables 2 show that as the concentration of substrate (PNPP) increases from 0.00 Mmols to 0.20 Mmols of substrate the initial velocity or the rate of reaction shows an increase in too. The relationship can be describes as fist order as the V rises almost linearly with the increase in S.However after the concentration increase from 0.20- to 3.00 Mmols the initial velocity shows a gradual increase and then gradually levels of or slopes here g raph shows 0 order relationship. This supports the prediction I made in the introduction. The graphs indicates that as the concentration of substrate increase the rate of reaction increase this is because of the increase chances of a collision between a substrate and an enzyme. This in turn increases the rate at which ES and P are formed. However after the concentration increase after 0.20 3.00 Mmols the rate stars to level off. The reasoning behind is this is that there are too many substrates than compared to enzymes an all enzymes are described to be fully saturated .At this phase the reaction is at its Maximum velocity and cannot increase in rate unless more enzymes are added therefore enzyme concentration is the limiting factor.I can tell that the data I collected from the experiment in the lab is accurate and valid as the graph which compares the theatrical data and the collected data show similarities in the trend line the Vmax the km and as hygienic as the points and there is no anomalous data point on either of the 3 graphs. My findings support the findings of many previous investigations and journals as the graphs show a similar relationship as to the findings to previous work. The implications of this investigation can be used widely to determine the Vmax and KM. These values can be used for checkup purposes since the enzyme acid phosphatase is manufactured by the body to remove phosphate groups.The limitation of Michaels Menten plot is that the Km and Vmax cannot be accurately determined. Therefore a Lineweaver burk plot is plotted. The Lineweaver burk plot shows that the KM and Vmax are very similar to the ones from the Michaelis Menten plot.Finally KM is an approximate measure of the proportion of an enzyme for its substrate.A small value of KM indicates a high affinity of the enzyme for the substrate. From my graphs (1 +2) I can tell that the KM was 0.24 and therefore small. This means that the enzyme acid phosphatase has a high affinity for the synaesthetic substrate PNPP. This means that small concentration of substrate PNPP is enough to run the reaction at half of maximum velocity (1/2 Vmax).The next section of the investigation concerns the effect of temperature on the rate of reaction. I predicted an increase in temperature will increase the rate of reaction or the initial velocity of the e reaction until the enzyme denatures and the protein sequence becomes damaged an unravels. The actual reason for why the protein sequences unravel is that the protein has too much kinetic energy and the amino acids vibrate and this causes the non covalent forces to be weakened. There is an increase in the rate of reaction as the temperature increases from 278 -323 K the increase is almost linear. However after the temperature 323 K-to 347 K the enzyme denatures and unravels. This is proved by the last point on the graph which doesnt admit the line of best break. Overall the graphs and data all prove my predictions correct. Ther e is no other anomalous data present.The third section concerns the effect of pH on the rate of reaction. As we have discovered before the enzyme used was acid phosphatase so the pH at which it works at best the optimum temperature will be in the acidic pH regions. I can confirm from my graph that the optimum pH of the reaction is in the region 5-5.5 which is and so acidic. pH of 5.5 gives the highest absorption value, this therefore means that the rate of hydrolysis was at its fastest.A possible explanation for the change in the experimental target is that the pH may denature the enzyme if the enzyme was added first the active site and 3 dimensional shape of the enzyme could be altered at extremes of pH such as 2 which is instead acidic. The pH does not affect the substrates 3 dimensional structure in the akin ways as the enzymes. Therefore to obtain valid results /data the design for this part of the experiment was slightly altered.pH has a very strong effect on enzyme activi ty .This is because enzymes work on the basis of mechanisms such as induced fit hypothesis and lock and key . The enzymes have a specific active site due to the complementary 3 dimensional active site with the substrate. According to the induced fit hypothesis the enzyme can undergo some change in the 3- dimensional structure in order to fit the substrate. However a change in pH changes the enzymes active site structure. An increase in H+ ions can change the active site structure due to the fact that h+ ions can interfere with any polar molecules on enzymes protein structure. Amino acids side chains can be protonated and may be damaged due to the extreme pH (concentration of H+ )this may result in the protein sequence to unravel which means that the active site is not complementary to the substrate and the rate of reaction decreases as no or little ES are formed which results in little products formed.The final section concerns the effect of a competitive inhibitor (phosphate ions) on the rate of reaction. From my graph I can tell that the inhibitor present was an non-competitive inhibitor. I can tell this by looking at the Lineweaver Burk plot where the trend lines cross the 1/Vmax intercept at different values but cross the 1/km intercept at the same values. This means that this eccentric of inhibitor does not affect the KM but does lower the Vmax values.Non competitive inhibitor has the same effect as lowering the total volume of enzyme. This type of inhibition is reversible. It binds to a site away from the enzymes active site it denatures the active site so no other substrates can bind to the active site. This in turn lowers the rate of reaction and the rate at which products are formed. However this type of inhibitor also binds to the enzyme substrate complex I can therefore resolve that the non competitive inhibitor does lower the rate at which the products are formed.ReferencesBooksDavid L. Nelson et al (2008) Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry ,W. H Freeman and CompanyJeremy M. Berg et al (2006) Biochemistry, W.H Freeman and CompanyLab schedule (2009) Enzyme Kinetics MODULE LSC10034 EXPERIMENT 4Lecture NotesLectures notes (2009) Dr John Mills- Module LSC-10034 Proteins and Enzymes lectures 9, 10, 11 (Figures 1-5)Absorbance values- Table 4 and Table 6 Emma EzekielWeb PagesEC Number -http//www.brenda-enzymes.org/php/result_flat.php4?ecno=3.1.3.2 Seen 20 November 2009

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essay

Piagets Cognitive Theory Children And Young People Essayb. The basic plan of Piagets theory of cognitive organic evolution.As we manage, the famous theory of cognitive development was order by Jean Piaget. He was born in 1896 (Newkirk, 2009). Newkirk in addition mentioned that Piaget was a theorists and also a biologist. overly,the author reported that Piaget did observing his own electric razorren and attracted to changes that occured and developed in childrens disposition and the factors behind these changes. In addition, Gartrell (2011) also stated that Piagets method by questioning the children is called as clinical method. Children started to develop their understanding through their surrounding based on four academic degrees of cognitive development. As mentioned by Gartrell the microscope stages atomic number 18 the sensorimotor stage, preoperational stage, concrete operational stage and breakly formal operations stage.The maiden stage is sensorimotor stage which starts when the babies were born until age of 2 years overage while siemens stage starts around the age of 2 to 7 years (Santrock, 2011). The author also claimed about the a nonher(prenominal) stages, that atomic number 18 the troika stage, concrete operational stage which lasts from 7 until 11 or 12 years elderly and lastly moving to the fourth stage is formal operations stage. Compargond to the other three stages earlier which involving babies and children, this last stage is involving with the adolescence and adulthood. This is the highest stage in cognitive development beca pulmonary tuberculosis this is where a person rouse make such reasoning and supposal (Santrock, 2011) for example, non only concrete hithertots exclusively also towards abstract issuings such as feelings or inferencing scientific experiments.Further much, Santrock (2011) targetd that in that location are two basic tendencies that go out go together with these four stages, which are organizatio n and adaption. Ormrod (2011) stated that organization is possibility of a person to handle their process of thinking. It is also called as schemes which nitty-gritty the building block of intelligent behavior. Next, adaption is the process of an individual to adapt to the environment (Ormrod, 2011). In the alike way, Ormrod stated that there are two basic processes in adaption which are assimilation and accommodation.According to Krause, Bochner and Duchesne, cognition is the mental processes pertain in perceiving, attending to, understanding and recalling information (2007, p43). Piagets theory of cognitive is underline into the consciousness of mind and thinking. As children are developing, their way of thinking started to change from clip to time accordingly to the four stages. Piaget was not really interested into the knowledge having by the children alone he was more fascinated by the way of children think, observe their surrounding and how they express it into speeches ( Krause et al., 2007). The authors too found that Piaget and his theory are important because he is the first theorists that came out with such theory about development of children from the aspect of cognitive and his judgment is salve be using untill now even though it has been years.c. cover how the Piagets theory apply to child development.Self development is very important in childrens life because it develop in them while they are growing up. In Piagets theory of cognitive development, he focused of four stages of children development that are, sensorimotor stage as the first, secondly is preoperational stage, next concrete operational stage and last exactly not least formal operations stage.As explained earlier, sensorimotor stage is occured from the descent untill the age of 2 years. According to Krause et al.,(2007), infants in this stage bequeathing begin to develope their reflexes by doing some motor activities and senses. They are trying to understand the realism a round them. For example, infants lead attest happy expression or express joy when we are teasing and cuddling with them, this shows that infants started to make sense things around them but with limited abilities because it is only based on what they get through their senses. In sensorimotor, there are sub-stages that divided into 6 categories, that are reflexes, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of reactions, tertiary circular reactions and early representional thought (Brenda, 2010). The first sub-stage is reflexes, according to Brenda (2010) this sub-stage is occured from the birth of the infants until 1 month old. During this stage, infants understand their surrounding by using simple reflexes for example they allow for starting to smile. Next, primary circular reactions sub-stage is when the infants are 1 to 4 months. Variety of actions will be perform. For instance, infants are suction his or her thumb, and as a return they will repea t the same actions because it pleasure them. As it goes on, third sub-stage is secondary circular reactions which occured during 4 to 8 months. Brenda (2010) mentioned in this sub-stage, the infants will be doing the same actions but it extends out to the environment such as replacing sucking their thumbs with rubber toys. In other words the infants are having improvement in their reactions. Moreover, in fourth sub-stage which is coordination of reactions from the age of 8 to 12 months. They will begin to show clear actions and observe others behavior other than starting to develop aptitude in recognizing the things that had been shown to them. As example, instead of sucking thumb, infants will replace it with their toys. They may storm their rubber toys, when it goes mooo mooo, they will get excited and squeeze it again. Krause et al.,(2007) proposed that the infants also will understand that their toys are exist even though they throw outnot be seen or cutaneous senses it or c alled it as object permanance. For example, a doll at first was played by infant, when we put and hide it under blanket the infant will be able to look for it. Infants who do not reach this sub-stage will not be able to look for it, but they will just not realize it. As the infants are growing up to become bambinos, the sub-stages also moving to the next, tertiary secular reactions where occured during toddler age 12 to 18 months. This is the time where toddlers will learn the concept of trial-error experiments with the purpose of getting attention (Brenda, 2010). Specifically, one of the activity might be doing by toddlers is hitting fork and spoon on the dining table, just to know what will happen, what sound will come out, and what are the reactions they will get from others. Krause et al. called this process as goal-directed or designed action (2007, p46). Last but not least sub-stage is early representional talk, from the toddlers at age of 18 until 24 months old (Krause et a l., 2007). Based on the authors, this last sub-stage is where we substructure see the toddlers start to imitate others. During this stage, people around them need to be careful and only if possible showing them the good side especially their parents. This is because since parents are the closest people in toddlers life, they will observe what their parents are doing. For example, if the mothers usually sweeping the house at the morning, the toddlers will observe it and will do the same action of sweeping the house even though it is without the broom. As I experienced this too, during my visits to my aunties home, she has a 19 months old toddlers. I realized that her child animation following my way of reading magazines and drinking coffee from my mug. hitherto though the objects are not with the baby, but she followed my actions. In my opinion, parents need to get close with toddler to help their growth and try to play game with them such as peek-a-boo game because this will help the children to strenghten their object-permanance ability and moving to the next stages as Piaget had observed.The second stage that apply to child development is preoperational stage, which occured within the age of 2 to 7 years old. Newkirk (2009) proposed that children in this stage will develop from several aspects. They will be more capable in the usage of language skills for instance they can explain the objects by replacing it with pictures or words. But they still not be able to speak like adult, they can at least use one or two-words sentences to delivered messages. According to Newkirk, imagination level of children in this stage will usually increase and they are more curious to all things instead of being logical. Unlikely the first stage, in this second stage children will spend more of their time by putting role while they are playing. For instance, children always pretend a box is a house for them to shelter. Even myself experienced that during my childhood. I built my so-called home by using boxes and I create my own family members using my dolls to stay in that house, I even pretend cooked meals for my family. This prove that childrens imagination during this stage is very high but they still need supervision from parents in case they are exposed to unappropriate elements. Krause et al. (2007) far-famed that there are three main characteristics of preoperational stage which are egocentrism, centration and animism. The author define egocentric as the person who is unable to share another persons idea or view because the person considered that all view are the same with he or she. Piagets had done with the Three Mountain Tasks model experiments, and as the result the children expects that the person on other side of the model is seeing the same view as them (Krause et al., 2007). Next is centration, the authors described the meaning as the children focus on one feature of problems while ignoring other features. For example, children will not understand if we tell them Your sister is my daughter because their ability is limited. Moving on, the last characteristic is animism. In this characteristic, the authors claimed that children belief that all things have lives. They considered inanimate objects have emotions and feelings like them. For example, a girl who age 3 years old always talk with her break bear as the teddy bear is alive and answers her.Piagets third stage in child development is concrete operational stage which is from the age of 7 to 11 years (Santrock, 2011). During this stage, children are able to logically think about the concrete events and starting to eliminate their egocentrism which means they started to learn to view others berth too. Even though they are getting capable in the usage of logic but they still having the difficulty in understanding the hypothetical concepts (Krause et al., 2007). The authors also claimed that there are several processes in this stage that involve in child developmen t, that are reversibility where the children have the ability to think about the reverse event such as in mathematical solving problems where they need to add and subtract and add it back, secondly is seriation which menas the ability to mentally put things in company according to its features for example size, weight, and height. Next is compensation, where the children have the ability see that something is increase because of something is decrease such as the height is increasing because of the width s lessen and vice versa. Besides, the fourth is classficiation which means the ability that children have to name and identify the sets or group of the objects by its features such as size, colours and appearance. Class inclusion body is the fifth processes mentioned by the authors which bring the meaning of ability to understand that a small amount of groups can be combine to form a oversize group as Krause et al. called it as multiple classification (2007, p53). For example a c ar can be include into its brand name such as Proton or under large group of vehicles. Last but not least the processes found by Krause et al. (2007) is conservation, whereby children at last know that quantities, or lenghts are not related at all to the arrangement or appearance of the things. For example, a child is presented with two same sized of bowls filled with flour, but when one of the full bowl flour is pour into jar with different sized he and she or he will still know that the touchstone of the flour is the same either it is in bowl or jar.Lastly, the fourth stages in Piagetian is formal operations which occur to 11 years old children and beyond (Santrock, 2011). As we can see, this is the highest level of child development in Piagets theory as it goes until our adulthood. Santrock stated that in this stages people continue to develop ability of thinking with presence of abstract concept. Logically, children begin to take notes about the possibility of the consequences of every events they experienced and also started to think in a formal way. Besides, Krause et al. (2007) suggested that children in this stage are already know how to use deductive and inductive reasoning. As the author define deductive reasoning as the potentiality of children to use a general principle to determine a specific core, on the other hand inductive reasoning is using and observing specific outcome to include general principles. In this final stage also children will develop their problem solving activities. When entering adoloscence, they are able to do magisterial planning in their life and also make a hypothesis, inference far better than stages before (Brenda, 2010). Overall, that are the four stages that involve in child development until adolescence.d. Discuss how the Piagets theory apply children in preschool and early primary levels.Preschool children are basically who are still develop their cognitive abilities in stage two, preoperational. As stated by Kraus e et al. (2007) regarding applying Piagets theory into preschoolchildren who are still in stage two, there will be at least two parties that involved in helping to apply this cognitive theory to children firstly parents, secondly educators or teachers.Moreover, by introduce to children this concept means we are letting them to be independent and explore their world by themselves.Preschool children who are basically age amid 4 to 6 years are in preoperaional stage. As I explained in previous sub-questions, children in this stage has become more capable in obtaining language skills and using it to represent objects but still limited because they cannot reached the events where interpretation need to relate with concrete logic. Firstly as parents, they must give freedom to their children especially preschool children to play with their friends since children in this stage will spent more of their time with playing (Krause et al., 2007). Nowadays, majority of parents always having mis conceptions, they think that they cannot let their children play too much, in fact they should not too strict in haughty their children. What parents should do is by letting their children play with their friends but make sure to supervision who are their friends. Logically, according to Krause et al., by giving children chance to play, they will explored their world while interacting with friends (2007). Create a safe-mode place for them to play so that they feels your attention towards them, during this process children will encounter some problems. This is the right time to let them be independence by solving their problems but with supervision. Even though at first they might not really capable in solving it but it will be better as they go through this process and get knowledge from what we called as hands-on experiences (Krause et al., 2007). Besides, Ormrod suggested that parents should always communicate with their children especially who are in this stage. This is because children may feel left out if their parents are too busy and even do not have time to spend with them. In other way, this also a good opportunities to increas the level of self-esteem of the children.On the other hand, teachers also play an important role in applying preoperational stage towards preschool children. Newkirk found out that since children during this stage will usually be in egocentrism state, they do not realize about other perspectives (2009). So, as a teacher need to know how to handle this situation for example letting the children having conversation with the peers in class will enhance their understanding of others world or teachers can create a questions and answers session with the preschool students. The purpose of doing that is because to increase the self esteem of children and to let them hear others views too so that their level of egocentrism can be decrease. As an educators,creactivity is needed to attract preschool children in learning such as by using visual back up to stimulate the childrens mind (Newkirk, 2009). Examples of visual aids are like bringing props such as the real fruits if teachers want to teach about type of fruits in class. After finished teaching, teachers can serve the students with the fruits, and let them have the hands-on experience. The author also did mentioned that in order to develop preoperational stage between the children, use things that are different for examples pool cue cards written words and ask them to create sentences based on cards that they have or teachers can ask the preschool students to work in a group. In addition, interactions with peers will help the preschool children to improve their cognitive development or it is called as disequilibrium (Ormrod, 2011). Why talking with peers can help the children? This is because, logically the children and peers are at the same age level, so they can be more understanding between their group.How can we know if the children are applying preopera tion stage in their cognitive development? Krause et al. (2007) described that the development at each cognitive stages is called as milestones. In this preoperational stage, Krause et al. also reported the childrens milestones development is from the aspect of thinking and language skill whereby they know to replace objects with drawing, words or gestures. As for instance, when children are at shopping mall, they are able to tell their parents by pointing to the things that attract them such as toys and dolls. Besides children also learnt to produce sound for example while they are playing with their soldier toys, they can make sound like dush dush to indicate the soldier toys they are playing with are fighting. In contrast, children who do not develop well in this stage will no be able to differentiate between the animated things and inanimate objects. For example, they are treating the real cats and cat doll the same as both have feelings, emotions and know how to feel hungry wh ereas only the living things can feel all that.In a nutshell, children will reached each stages when the readiness come and they still need to be taught to guide to the right path. Krause et al. (2007) did proposed that teachers and parents should not teach their children the highest level of stages if it is not the right time by means the children are just not ready yet.e. Summary.In conclusion, I agreed with propose suggested by Ormrod (2011), Piagets theory have its own benefits and disadvantegous. As Piagets idea was the first to talk about cognitive development among children, his idea is the famous one and still be used even until today. In my opinion, Piagets theory had changed peoples view about children development. Even though as reported by Newkirk (2009), children development are not always moving from each stage according to the age that Piagets planned, but they still will moving according to the stage either it is fast or late. Last but not least, implementation of co gnitive theory in children development is very effective as it will be very instrumental towards the children themselves as this theory help to influence children in the aspects of biological maturation, activities, social experiences and equilibration.

Essay --

The Racist atmosphere in the South back in the 1920s was exceptionally oppressive. Due to that racist atmosphere gayy problems arose. In Ernest J. Gainess A Lesson before Dying, the two protagonists self-perceptions be affected by the racist atmosphere. Jeffersons self-perception is affected by the racist atmosphere. In chapter One, Jeffersons defense attorney tries to win the jury by claiming that Jefferson has diminished capacity to reason. He tries to reach the jurys heart and mind by implying it would be a cruel act to kill a man whose intelligence and moral are no greater than those of a hog. The attorney expresses the undeserving belief, held by many Southern whites, that blacks are somewhat beneath whites. Jefferson becomes disturbed by the idea and begins acting like a hog, angrily refusing to talk and release through his food like a hog. Miss Emma realizes the impact the attorneys words have on Jefferson and makes it her goal to ensure Jefferson dies like a man not like an animal. When Jefferson decides to die with dignity, he shakes off the spiteful stereotypes placed on him by whites. Gentlemen of the jury, look at this----this----this boy. I almost express a man, but I cant say man. Oh sure, he has reached the age of twenty-one, when we, civilized men, consider the male species has reached manhood, but would you call this---this---this a man? No, not I,(Gaines, 7). This quote reveals how even Jeffersons defense attorney from the start had a stereotype opinion held by many Southern whites, a negative opinion that blacks are inferior to whites. From that point on Grants mission in the book is to show Jeffersons hope, dignity, and self-respect, and to prove to whites and blacks are alike, that i... ...white people because they believe youre inferior to them. That quotes clearly reveal and describes why Jefferson and Grant were in the situation that they were in. It is unquestionably true that the real individuality, the real compassionate nature can be revealed in extreme situations, when the human spiritedness is at stake. This work represents an attempt to show that each individual has an opportunity to variety his/her animateness completely, to make it really humanistic and do something good even if it is the last thing he/she can do in his/her life. A Lesson Before Dying suggest the audience to reevaluate its views on life and realize that everything may be changed. At the same time, it is never late to change the life for better and reveal positive traits of character or even commit some heroic or humanistic acts even if it threatens to end the entire life of the individual.

Geography of Trinidad :: Essays Papers

Geography of Trinidad Just seven miles of northeast of its mother land Venezuela, disjunct by the Gulf of Paria , Trinidad is one of only 1,864 squ atomic number 18 miles. It is an island surrounded by the Caribbean Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean. With a longitude (W) of between 60* 54 and 61*56, Trinidad has a latitude (N) of between 10* 3 and 10* 50.With a tropical climate and rainy season that runs form June to December, unlike the other Caribbean Islands, Trinidad is not on the tropical storms and hurricane paths. Moreover the mountains of Trinidad ar unlike those of the other Caribbean Islands. Trinidad has mountains that stretch southwards to the plain and along the gulf and down to the sea, the mountains lay along the whole northern boarder. Its mountains are not steep, cone shaped and rugged. From east to west the mountains of Trinidad run in three lines that are parallel but are separated by two large valleys. As De Verteuil wrote Trinidad, bei ng a comparatively newly-settled island, presents in many parts the appearance of a wild unreclaimed country. It is covered with dense and lofty forests, the massive appearance of endless woodland being only broken here and there by vast savannahs, or by the effort of agricultural industry, - except, perhaps, at the Naparimas , where an extensive district is under uninterrupted cultivation. As beautiful as the valleys are, the plantations have its own beauty, filled with cane-fields and cacao plants, giving it a violet-red hue when the leaves are young, and a range of colors from red, yellow, green, and dark crimson pod withy the older branches. Trees are also very colorful, some have flowers and some such(prenominal) as the Poui have a brilliant yellow color, The Roble has an orange color, and there are many other trees that have colors from white to intercept and violaceouse. At the same time, because most of the population deals with plantation, as estimated in 1993, fifteen pe rcent of the land is permanent crops and nine percent permanent pastures, there are many environmental issues. Some of these current issues in Trinidad include water pollution from agricultural chemicals, industrial wastes, and raw sewage oil pollution of beaches deforestation soil erosion. Trinidad also has many valuable natural resources such as natural gas, asphalt, and petroleum.

Philosophy - The Dialectical Method :: miscellaneous

Philosophy - The Dialectical MethodThere are a lot many descriptions for the record book dialectic. By viewing all of them what I have ended up concluding in the given context, i.e. Socrates Dialectical Method, is thatDialectic is a variety of languages, conceivably a sort of a composition of the languages in this variety. The word comes from Ancient Greek dialektos, which is derived from dialegesthai, meaning to discourse, converse, and talk.By this root of the word, in this context, I deduce that Dialectics is a method in which people from different walks of life, contained by different personal philosophies (languages) are set together to discuss on a single word, sentence, thought, issuing etc. explaining their personal views supported by ratiocinative reasons defending their argument. This discussion is meant to have all the possible view points on that particular subject with in a group of people and finally to deduce a definition for the subject which is acceptable by all t he individuals involved. The ultimate goal for having Dialectic seems to pursuit for the real the truth.Socratic Dialectical MethodWell for this I think first we should know what nature Socrates had, it will help us knowing the uniqueness of Socrates method. Socrates was a man of the Periclean age, which witnessed one of theperiodic bankruptcies of science. Cosmological speculation, which had been boldly pursued from the beginning of the 6th century, seemed to have led to a booby hatch of conflicting systems of thought. heap had turned away from pursue of science and concentrated themselves not with truth but with making a successful human life. In this time of chaos and individualism, Socrates was the most realistic person in sight. He was always searching for more than the meanings of things already had. He wanted proof of what was defined, proof which would give logical reasons for it self. He was an inquirer, unsatisfied and still looking for truth. Unlike others he was not s elf-centered, always ready to be corrected. His nature of being broad apt(p) reflected his way of teaching people, which actually seems to be learning by them. This is the beauty of his method, called as The Socratic Dialectical Method. ProcedureSocrates did not call people towards him self, he went out towards them and asked them their views instead of lecturing and forcing his thoughts on them. It was a dialogue form discussion, where individuals brought up their view points on a particular subject set by Socrates.

Curfew: Worth It Or Not Essay -- essays research papers

Curfew Worth It Or NotThe Curfew is not being enforced, imprisons you, and does not preventkids who are oer 17 to commit crimes. There is always no one to enforce thecurfew, and it is hard to enforce. You feel as you are in a prison, you shouldhave look over your own life, and government should not tell you what to do.Finally, kids 17 years and younger do not commit crimes.Curfew is not possible to enforce because you suffer not tell by justlooking at someone and saying that they are 17 years or younger. In addition,since this is a absolve country, you do not have to have an ID with you all thetime. For example, a Police Officer is walking on a street and sees severalteenagers going on the same side. He can not tell w...